An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpınar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey

Bozdağ, Ali; İnce, İsmail; Bozdağ, Ayla; Hatır, M. Ergün; Tosunlar, M. Bahadır; Korkanç, Mustafa

doi:10.1007/s10064-019-01617-9

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…E atun Pınar Hittite Water Monument dates back to 3200 years and has remained structurally and functionally intact until today. The sacred pool measuring 30 x 35 m is currently fed by an active cold-water spring (Bozdağ et al 2020). Therefore, it has the lowest Tw as 15.5 °C.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion history and distribution of the aquatic alien Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae) in Turkey

İkinci

2022

Biologia

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Submerged macrophyte Elodea canadensis Michx. is a non-native species to Turkey where it was rst recorded in 1982. In this study, we aim to provide the current distribution of E. canadensis in Turkey with notes on its invasion history and ecology. We performed eld studies to measure the physical and chemical parameters of the invaded lakes. Our study is based on new eld works, herbarium specimen examination and literature survey. As a result of our ndings, E. canadensis has invaded 15 wetlands in eight water basins of Turkey. Eleven of the invaded wetlands, including the largest freshwater lake of Turkey have protection forms ranging from national parks, nature parks to nationally/locally protected areas. Type of the wetlands are also diverse, like drainage canals, ancient pools, karstic, crater, tectonic and alluvial set lakes with trophic status from oligotrophic to eutrophic. Physico-chemical parameters measured in seven invaded wetlands are as follow: Water temperature between 15.5-22.3°C, pH between 7.1-8.6, dissolved oxygen as 3.7-8,8 mg l-1, electrical conductivity as 230-610 µS cm-1, salinity between 0.1-0.29 ppt, and ammonium as 0.25-0.74 mg l-1. The altitude range of the colonized wetlands is between sea level and 2100 m a.s.l. Elodea canadensis forms single species stands in many sites, but we could totally record 22 accompanying macrophyte taxa in species rich habitats. Here we present the most comprehensive distribution and ecology data for E. canadensis in Turkey which could be used for further research and management to understand its future spread and effect on native vegetation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invasion history and distribution of the aquatic alien Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae) in Turkey

İkinci

2022

Biologia

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“…A fine-(SF, Figure 3a) and a medium-grained (SM, Figure 3b) limestone from Sóskút and a medium-grained limestone from Fertőrákos (FR) were used in the conservation trials (Figure 3c). damage [33][34][35][36] than the tested Miocene porous limestone [16], and it has been widely used as a replacement stone in Hungary [33,37]. However, the consolidation of this stone type is not a common practice in Central Europe.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another type of porous carbonate is travertine. This lithotype is more durable and less sensitive to freeze-thaw damage [33][34][35][36] than the tested Miocene porous limestone [16], and it has been widely used as a replacement stone in Hungary [33,37]. However, the consolidation of this stone type is not a common practice in Central Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freeze–Thaw and Salt Crystallization Durability of Silica Acid Ester Consolidated Porous Limestone from Hungary

2021

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The durability of consolidated highly porous limestones was tested after salt and freeze–thaw cycles. Three porous limestone lithotypes that were commonly used in construction in the Central-European region during previous centuries were selected for the tests. Specimens of Miocene limestone were consolidated with four different types of ethyl silica-based consolidants (KSE 100, KSE 300, KSE 300 E, KSE 300 HV). After consolidation, the samples were exposed to freeze thaw cycles and salt crystallization tests. Water saturation under atmospherically pressure, capillary water absorption and splitting tensile strength were measured on treated and untreated samples to assess change attributed to consolidation in the open porosity and mechanical parameters. The increase in the tensile strength of the medium-grained samples was higher than that of the consolidated fine-grained lithotypes. The effect of consolidation treatment was very different in terms of pore-size distribution as obtained by Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). Untreated and consolidated samples were subjected to 10 cycles of sodium sulphate crystallization (EN 12370) and 10 freeze–thaw cycles (EN 12371) tests. Experiments concluded that in addition to the initial strength increase after the conservation, the modified pore structure is the crucial factor to evaluate the long-term efficiency of stone conservation.

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“…The full 3D sonic or ultrasonic tomographies are especially devoted to the internal study of pillars and columns [234]. Many examples of built heritage inspection through sonic and ultrasonic sensing can be found in recent bibliography [207,229,[235][236][237][238][239][240][241][242][243].…”

Section: Active Elastic Wave Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review

Adamopoulos

Rinaudo

2021

Remote Sensing

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Built cultural heritage is under constant threat due to environmental pressures, anthropogenic damages, and interventions. Understanding the preservation state of monuments and historical structures, and the factors that alter their architectural and structural characteristics through time, is crucial for ensuring their protection. Therefore, inspection and monitoring techniques are essential for heritage preservation, as they enable knowledge about the altering factors that put built cultural heritage at risk, by recording their immediate effects on monuments and historic structures. Nondestructive evaluations with close-range sensing techniques play a crucial role in monitoring. However, data recorded by different sensors are frequently processed separately, which hinders integrated use, visualization, and interpretation. This article’s aim is twofold: i) to present an overview of close-range sensing techniques frequently applied to evaluate built heritage conditions, and ii) to review the progress made regarding the fusion of multi-sensor data recorded by them. Particular emphasis is given to the integration of data from metric surveying and from recording techniques that are traditionally non-metric. The article attempts to shed light on the problems of the individual and integrated use of image-based modeling, laser scanning, thermography, multispectral imaging, ground penetrating radar, and ultrasonic testing, giving heritage practitioners a point of reference for the successful implementation of multidisciplinary approaches for built cultural heritage scientific investigations.

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An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpınar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey

Cited by 24 publications

References 37 publications

Invasion history and distribution of the aquatic alien Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae) in Turkey

Invasion history and distribution of the aquatic alien Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae) in Turkey

Freeze–Thaw and Salt Crystallization Durability of Silica Acid Ester Consolidated Porous Limestone from Hungary

Close-Range Sensing and Data Fusion for Built Heritage Inspection and Monitoring—A Review

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