An assessment of beeswax as a thickener for environmentally friendly lubricating grease production

Kreivaitis, Raimondas; Padgurskas, Juozas; Gumbytė, Milda; Kupčinskas, Artūras

doi:10.1002/ls.1285

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The use of natural waxes and oils is not limited to skincare applications. Their potential to replace grease to make mechanical systems more environmentally friendly is being investigated [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax-Oil Lubricants to Reduce the Shear Between Skin and PPE

Yap

Murali

Tan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Prolonged use of tight-fitting PPE, e.g., by COVID-19 healthcare workers leads to skin injuries. An important contributor is the shear exerted on the skin due to static friction at the skin-PPE interface. This study aims to develop an optimised wax-oil lubricant that reduces the friction, or shear, in the skin-PPE contact for up to four hours. Lubricants with different wax-oil combinations were prepared using beeswax, paraffin wax, olive oil, and mineral oil. In-vivo friction measurements involving seven participants were conducted by sliding a polydimethylsiloxane ball against the volar forearms to simulate the skin-PPE interface. The maximum static coefficient of friction was measured immediately and four hours after lubricant application. It was found that the coefficient of friction of wax-oil lubricants is mainly governed by the ratio of wax to oil and the thermal stability and morphology of the wax. To maintain long-term lubricity, it is crucial to consider the absorption of oil into the PPE material. The best performing lubricant is a mixture of 20 wt% beeswax, 40 wt% olive oil, and 40 wt% mineral oil, which compared to unlubricated skin, provides 87% (P = 0.0006) and 59% (P = 0.0015) reduction in instantaneous and 4-hour coefficient of friction, respectively.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wax-Oil Lubricants to Reduce the Shear Between Skin and PPE

Yap

Murali

Tan

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Most lubricants play a significant role in food‐related equipment and ensure the operation reliable. However, the leakage of lubricants could cause issues about food safety or environmental pollution 1 . To avoid potential risks caused by the leakage of the lubricants, food‐grade lubrication should be adopted in the moving areas of the equipment, where incidental in contact with food 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of carbon nano onions on the tribological performance of food‐grade calcium sulfonate complex grease

Wang

Qian

Gong

et al. 2021

Lubrication Science

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To improve the lubricity of the as‐prepared food‐grade calcium‐based grease, the effects of nano‐additive carbon nano onions (CNOs) on the tribological properties are systematically investigated using a ball‐disc wear tester. The properties of CNOs‐containing food‐grade calcium sulfonate complex greases (CSCG‐FG) were characterised by thermogravimetric analyser, rheometer and electrochemical workstation, Listeria monocytogenes, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer and Raman spectrometer. The results revealed that pure and CNOs‐containing CSCG‐FG were proved to be safe. The average coefficient of friction (aCoF) and wear volume of the disc at CSCG‐FG of 0.10 wt% CNOs were the minimal values, which were 31.4 and 70.0% less than that of pure CSCG‐FG at 25°C and greatly lower than that of similar commercial food‐grade grease. At high temperature, CNOs‐containing CSCG‐FG had lower aCoFs and torques. CSCG‐FG of 0.10 wt% CNOs would be most possibly used in engineering applications and the results will provide valuable insight into developing food‐grade lubricants.

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“…In fact, the physico-chemical properties of grease are largely dependent on structure and content of thickener. 12,13 And thickener could play an important role in improving lubrication under flooded oil conditions. 14 The thickener of LCG is lithium complex soap, which is commonly synthesised by saponification reaction of stearic acid and dibasic acid with LiOH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulating performance characteristics of lithium complex greases via dibasic acids

Ren

et al. 2020

Lubrication Science

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Thickener as an important ingredient affects the performance characteristics of lubricating grease. Here, seven lithium complex greases (LCGs) were prepared by saponification of 12‐OH stearic acid and low molecular weight dibasic acids (including adipic acid, sebacic acid, phthalic acid, dodecanedioic acid, and the combination of sebacic acid and phthalic acid in different molar ratios) with LiOH, using polyalphaolefin (PAO 40) as base oil. Physical properties and lubrication function of as‐prepared LCGs were evaluated in detail, and the friction mechanism was explored via analysis on the morphologies and composition of worn surfaces. Results illustrate that the saponification of mixed 12‐OH stearic acid and sebacic acid with LiOH provides good thickener for improving the physico‐chemical performance of LCG, while the thickener prepared by 12‐OH stearic acid and adipic acid with LiOH enhances lubrication function of LCG, mainly depending on synergy of grease film and tribo‐chemical reaction film.

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An assessment of beeswax as a thickener for environmentally friendly lubricating grease production

Cited by 13 publications

References 14 publications

Wax-Oil Lubricants to Reduce the Shear Between Skin and PPE

Wax-Oil Lubricants to Reduce the Shear Between Skin and PPE

Effects of carbon nano onions on the tribological performance of food‐grade calcium sulfonate complex grease

Regulating performance characteristics of lithium complex greases via dibasic acids

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