“…Globalization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) drive businesses toward integrated multinational operations, optimizing processes through digital tools. This shift, from decentralized to hybrid centralized systems, enables global alignment while preserving local standards (Patalas-Maliszewska & Losyk, 2020;Wu & Shang, 2020;Garc ıa, Irisarri, P erez, Est evez, & Marcos, 2018;. Multinational operations, exemplified by Saudi Aramco, leverage diverse yet similar systems globally, such as crude oil distillation, fostering competitiveness through production optimization and customization.…”