Much of medical research relies on animal models to deepen knowledge of the causes of animal and human diseases, as well as to enable the development of innovative therapies. Despite rodents being the most widely used research model worldwide, in recent decades, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) model has exponentially been adopted among the scientific community. This is because such a small tropical freshwater teleost fish has crucial genetic, anatomical and physiological homology with mammals. Therefore, zebrafish constitutes an excellent experimental model for behavioral, genetic and toxicological studies which unravels the mechanism of various human diseases. Furthermore, it serves well to test new therapeutic agents, such as the safety of new vaccines. The aim of this review was to provide a systematic literature review on the most recent studies carried out on the topic. It presents numerous advantages of this type of animal model in tests of efficacy and safety of both animal and human vaccines, thus highlighting gains in time and cost reduction of research and analyzes.

Hematology and agglutination titer after polyvalent immunization and subsequent challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)Hematología y título de aglutinación después de inmunización polivalente y desafío con Aeromonas hydrophila a tilapias del Nilo (oreochromis niloticus)

The present research aimed to examine the chemical and microbiological characteristics of refrigerated raw milk collected from buffalo-only dairy herds from different farms and seasons. Samples were collected from twelve farms producing buffalo milk, located in the Mideast region of São Paulo state, in Brazil, once a month throughout the dairy calendar year from 2011 to 2014. The analysis of fat, protein, lactose, dry extract, and total solids contents were carried out using Infrared Absorption. Residues for antimicrobial analysis were carried out using Delvo Test Kit technique, and both somatic cell count and standard plate count analysis were carried out using Flow Cytometry. The analysis of the chemical components as well as for the microbiological analysis of SPC proved to be statistically significant throughout the period. No antibiotic residues were found in the totality of the sample, hence indicating that the farmers complied with the current sanitary legislation in that country, as well as SCC; however, higher values were found for the SPC. Significant results for all parameters analyzed were found among the farms, indicating that price incentives paid for the quality of raw milk could be an alternative to dairy processing companies, favoring yield and quality of the final product. Keywords: Brazil; chemical parameters; dairy; microbiological parameters; monitoring. ResumoO presente estudo objetivou examinar as características químicas e microbiológicas do leite cru refrigerado coletado em diferentes fazendas e estações. Amostras foram coletadas em doze fazendas 2 Cienc. anim. bras., Goiânia, v.18, 1-12, e-41815, 2017Quality of refrigerated raw milk from buffalo cows… produtoras de leite de búfala localizadas na região centro-leste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, uma vez ao mês entre os anos de 2011 a 2014. Análises de gordura, proteína, lactose, extrato seco e sólidos totais foram realizadas utilizando-se técnica de Infra-vermelho. Análises de resíduos de antimicrobianos foram realizadas através do teste rápido Kit Delvo Test. Análises de contagem de células somáticas e contagem padrão em placas foram conduzidas através de Citometria de Fluxo. Resultados das análises dos componentes químicos, assim como da análise microbiológica de CPP, demonstraram diferenças estatísticas significativas através das estações para estes parâmetros. Em todas as amostras analisadas nenhum resíduo de antimicrobiano foi detectado, indicando que os produtores estão respeitando a legislação sanitária brasileira vigente, bem como para SCC; no entanto, valores acima do permitido foram encontrados para CPP. Diferenças significativas para todos os parâmetros analisados foram encontradas entre as fazendas investigadas, indicando que o incentivo de preço pago pela qualidade do leite cru poderia ser uma alternativa às empresas de processamento de lácteos, favorecendo o rendimento e a qualidade do produto final. Palavras-chave: Brasil; laticínio; monitoramento; parâmetros químicos; parâmetros microbiológicos.

Toxicity studies in mammals continue to be the most appropriate model for predicting risk in humans, but they tend to be expensive and time-consuming. In the aftermath of the genetic sequencing of zebrafish (Danio rerio), that species showed to be highly genetically homologous to humans. The use of the zebrafish model to assess food toxicity is already a reality as it is capable of biological processes difficult to reproduce in vitro. Studies of complex mechanisms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion as well as cellular and tissue interactions are of great information value resulting in time, space and cost savings, when compared to studies with rodents. This review addresses the relevance of zebrafish model in food safety research, both in the use of ingredients and innocuous food additives as well as for establishing levels of safe food contaminant residues present in the environment. Toxicological screening using the zebrafish model integrate the evaluation of teratogenicity, cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, neurotoxicity, endocrinetoxicity, reproductive and behavioral aspects. These are important endpoints for food safety assessment, which take substantially less time than in mammalian tests. Furthermore, it serves well as a screening test follow-up for validating favorable results in murine models, hence accelerating the risk assessment process of products submitted for approval and registration, prioritizing safe compounds and reducing unnecessary costs in subsequent mammalian studies. In conclusion, zebrafish model can be a useful tool for food safety tests, however, additional studies are needed to further validate this model for registration of new food ingredients and additives.

The demand for water is high in the food industry, particularly during the processing of animal product origin. A more sustainable approach to the use of the water resource is needed to reduce its waste. A systematic literature review was carried out from publications identified according to relevance and timeliness. The aim was to find alternative food processing production methods that considered both recycling and reuse of water in different slaughtering of animals such as cattle, swine, poultry, goat, sheep and fish. Articles which addressed cleaner production methods were selected because of special relevance in water resource management, Poultry processing was considered a special case regarding the recycling and reuse of water. That was due to the volume of water used as well as the level of likely contamination it might pose if reused. Wastewater can be largely reduced by adopting changes in practices, such as plant layout; materials used; drainage systems using dedicated separation of effluents and shaded area at reception with ventilation and sprinkles.

Due to the significant growing demand for water, it is urgent to those in the food industry to consider a more rational and sustainable use of such a scarce natural resource. This chapter highlights alternative food processing methods that contemplate recycling and reusing water. Based on a systematic literature review, it highlights the adoption of cleaner production methods. The chapter focus on the meat and fresh produce sectors where evidence shows that water sustainability related methods is the most needed. Suggestions are proposed to minimize water waste through the treatment of effluents and decrease the impact of effluent pollution on the environment. In so doing, clear environmental and economic benefits could be achieved through the reduction of costs and value-adding to the final product. Yet, the implementation of Cleaner Production Methods would require support from the industry, policymakers, and consumers to encourage the recycling and reuse of water.

RESUMOAtualmente o uso racional da água vem sendo tema de discussão perante órgãos governamentais e não governamentais ao redor do mundo. Seguindo essa tendência, leis cada vez mais severas devem ser implantadas em relação ao uso desse bem natural. Em um frigorífico de frango, o uso da água ocorre de forma generalizada ao longo de todo o processo industrial.Nesse contexto, o atual estudo teve o objetivo de comparar o consumo de água em um frigorífico brasileiro de frangos de corte (grande porte) com modelos já propostos e utilizados em outros países com o intuito de identificar soluções para mitigar perdas provenientes de sua má gestão. Concluiu-se que alterações em alguns pontos-chave do processamento possibilitariam à indústria o uso mais sustentável da água, como substituição da eletronarcose por insensibilização a gás, diminuição da dimensão do tanque de escaldagem ou mudança no processo, substituição do pré-resfriamento por imersão em água por pré-resfriamento a ar, redução da renovação de água nos tanques resfriadores, alterações no sistema de geração do frio em ambientes climatizados, assim como o reúso total ou parcial da água.Palavras-chave: sustentabilidade; consumo; carne; produção; ave. In this context, the present study aimed to compare consumption of water within a broiler slaughterhouse (large size) with models already proposed and used in other countries in order to identify solutions to mitigate losses from mismanagement. It follows that changes in a few key points of the process would give the industry a more sustainable use of water, like replacement of electronarcose by stunning gas, decreasing of the size of the scalding tank or changing in the process, replacement of pre-cooling by water immersion for pre-cooling by air, decreasing of the water renewal in cooling tanks, changes in the cold generator system in air-conditioned environments, as well as the total or partial reuse of water.Keywords: sustainability; consumption; meat; production; poultry. INTRODUÇÃOA água, cada vez mais escassa em boa qualidade, passou a ser tema de pauta nos últimos anos em nosso país, contudo a realidade no Brasil ainda é contraditória em relação à de outras nações que sofrem há tempos com o seu racionamento, como Japão e Israel, que já fazem uso mais consciente da água, inserido em sua própria cultura por meio da educação ambiental. Empresas brasileiras muitas vezes constroem suas plantas frigoríficas sobre aquíferos e solicitam a outorga da água subterrânea, que supre a necessidade da indústria sem grandes custos, mediante a perfuração de poços artesianos ou semiartesianos, com custo e fiscalização variando em cada estado, gerando muitos debates e prejuízos ambientais. Porém, não são raros os casos em que a captação da água está cada vez mais trabalhosa e custosa.Ou seja, está cada vez mais profunda a escavação para encontrá-la no lençol freático. Adicionalmente, a tributação desse bem está cada vez mais onerosa e alterações devem ocorrer nos próximos anos para que seu uso seja realizado de forma racional e s...

Zebrafish is considered an unprecedented animal model in drug discovery. A review of the literature presents highlights and elucidates the biological effects of chemical components found in Cannabis sativa. Particular attention is paid to endocannabinoid system (eCB) and its main receptors (CB1 and CB2). The zebrafish model is a promising one for the study of cannabinoids because of the many similarities to the human system. Despite the recent advances on the eCB system, there is still the need to elucidate some of the interactions and, thus, the zebrafish model can be used for that purpose as it respects the 3Rs concept and reduced time and costs. In view of the relevance of cannabinoids in the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as the importance of the zebrafish animal model in elucidating the biological effects of new drugs, the aim of this study was to bring to light information on the use of the zebrafish animal model in testing C. sativa-based medicines.