An appraisal of ground water for irrigation in the Wadena area, central Minnesota

Abstract

Introduction-_____________________________________________________ 2 Location and extent.__________________________________________ 2 Purpose of investigation._______________________________________ 4 Previous investigations.________________________________________ 5 Methods of present investigation._______________________________ 6 Well and test-hole numbering system.___________________________ 6 Acknowledgments _____________________________________________

Hydrologic response of the Crow Wing Watershed, Minnesota, to mid-Holocene climate change

“…In the Crow Wing Watershed, ~75% of the annual precipitation (~70 cm) is returned to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (Baker et al, 1979). About 13 cm/yr (18%) of precipitation becomes recharge to surfi cial unconfi ned aquifers (Helgesen, 1977;Lindholm, 1970;Lindgren, 2002). There are only modest spatial gradients in precipitation and runoff across the watershed.…”

“…Material parameters, including surfi cial geology, lake-node identifi er, and lake bathymetry, were assigned to each surface element and node. The thickness of the aquifer unit ranged from ~100 m toward the northwestern and southern uplands to ~35 m at the discharge area toward the eastern boundary of the watershed (Lindholm, 1970). Glacial deposits within the Crow Wing Watershed are heterogeneous (Fig.…”

Presence, distribution, and potential sources of nitrate and selected pesticides in the surficial aquifer along the Straight River in north-central Minnesota, 1992-93

“…The hydrogeology and water quality of surficial aquifers in and near the study area have been investigated by Lindholm (1970), Lindholm and others (1972), Reeder (1972), Helgesen (1977), Myette (1982), Myette (1984a), Myette (1984b), and Stark and others (1991). A report by Stark and others (1994) describes stream-aquifer interaction along the Straight River and contains comprehensive information about the hydrogeology of the watershed.…”

Hydrogeology of sand-plain aquifers in Carlton, Kanabec, and Pine Counties, east-central Minnesota

“…near Cloquet to 20.4 in. near Mora and Pine City (Helgesen and others, 1973;Lindholm andothers, 1974, 1979;Olcott and others, 1978). Total areal extent of the sand-plain aquifers within the three counties is about 500 mi2 .…”

“…More detailed studies of hydrogeology and local well yields were done by Akin and Jones (1951) near Cloquet in Carlton County. Some of the latest studies that make generalizations about the climate, geology and water resources by drainage basin were part of the State "Hydrologic Atlas" series by Helgesen and others (1973), Lindholm andothers (1974, 1979), and Olcott and others (1978). Within each of the atlases, the authors describe the major aquifers and their hydraulic characteristics, drainage areas and streamflow characteristics, the hydrologic budget, and chemical analyses of surface and ground water.…”