An application of the fitness index method ; Identification of skatole from the bethylid wasp Cephalonomia gallicola by mass-spectrometry.

Abstract

In previous paper,1] the average fitness index was developed as a mass-data comparison method, enabling the methylated sex pheromone of the varied carpet beetle Anthrenus vervasci2) to be reconfirmed as methyl 5-un-

Volatile chemical release by bethylid wasps: identity, phylogeny, anatomy and behaviour

“…These results are unaffected by the alternative subfamily clusterings proposed by Evans (1964, 1978), Sorg (1988) and Terayama (2003) (Fig. 3) and both confirm and extend previous findings of Kuwahara (1984); Kuwahara et al . (1987); Gómez et al.…”

“…Branch lengths are schematic and not intended to show divergence times. Chemical results were obtained by *this study, †Kuwahara (1984) and Kuwahara et al. (1987), ‡Gómez et al.…”

“…The mandibles of G. nephantidis appear broadly similar to those of the many bethylid species illustrated in Evans (1978). As with species in the Epyrinae (Kuwahara, 1984; Kuwahara et al. , 1987; Gómez et al.…”

“…Howard & Infante, 1996; Howard & Pérez‐Lachaud, 2002) and hydrocarbon components secreted by the Dufour gland (Howard & Baker, 2003). Further studies, focusing on volatile compounds, found that two bethylid species in the subfamily Epyrinae, Cephalonomia gallicola (Ashmead) and Cephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem, release skatole (3‐methylindole) when artificially stressed (Kuwahara, 1984; Kuwahara, Yonekawa & Suzuki, 1987; Gómez et al. , 2005).…”