An Anatomical Approach to Glabellar Rhytids

Abstract

The information gained here may be applied to the pharmacological or surgical treatment of glabellar rhytids. Knowledge of the frequent location of the muscles involved, relative to easily identifiable surface landmarks, allows a more precise approach.

Development of a Three-Microneedle Device for Hypodermic Drug Delivery and Clinical Application

“…In contrast, the depths of the frontal and procerus muscles vary from 2 to 7 mm and from 1 to 4 mm, respectively. 5 The corrugator supercilii muscle depths are 5.3 and 4.6 mm in male and female specimens, respectively. Our drug diffusion study demonstrated that the present injection system is capable of delivering liquid from just beneath the dermis to subcutaneous tissue, including underlying mimic muscles in the face.…”

A Review of Facial Anatomy as It Relates to the Use of Botulinum Toxin

“…4 It is located approximately 5 mm beneath the skin and is 2-3 mm thick, becoming thinner near its lateral insertion. 2 Its insertion extends more laterally into the brow than previously considered and may extend more than 4.5 cm from midline to reach the lateral brow. 3,4 The corrugator draws the brow medially and inferiorly and may produce a vertical furrow between the brows (Fig.…”

“…The procerus is less than 1 mm thick and is typically located 2-3 mm beneath the skin surface. 2 Contraction of the procerus draws the central brow inferiorly and induces a horizontal rhytides between the brows (Fig. 2).…”

Botulinum Toxin Type A Cosmetic: How to Achieve Precise and Predictable Results

“…(c) Most common mistake : Placement of injection too high above the orbital rim (1 cm or more) thus affecting frontalis muscle fi bers. This displaces the medial brow complex unit into a more inferior position giving patients (Macdonald et al 1998 ), and not every patient needs to be injected at the procerus muscle. If the patient does not present with horizontal lines between the eyebrows and when asked to frown you cannot grasp or palpate the procerus muscle, you may avoid a direct procerus injection ( Fig.…”