Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), also known as common baldness, is characterized by a marked decrease in hair follicle size, which could be related to the loss of hair follicle stem or progenitor cells. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed bald and non-bald scalp from AGA individuals for the presence of hair follicle stem and progenitor cells. Cells expressing cytokeratin15 (KRT15), CD200, CD34, and integrin, α6 (ITGA6) were quantitated via flow cytometry. High levels of KRT15 expression correlated with stem cell properties of small cell size and quiescence. These KRT15(hi) stem cells were maintained in bald scalp samples. However, CD200(hi)ITGA6(hi) and CD34(hi) cell populations--which both possessed a progenitor phenotype, in that they localized closely to the stem cell-rich bulge area but were larger and more proliferative than the KRT15(hi) stem cells--were markedly diminished. In functional assays, analogous CD200(hi)Itga6(hi) cells from murine hair follicles were multipotent and generated new hair follicles in skin reconstitution assays. These findings support the notion that a defect in conversion of hair follicle stem cells to progenitor cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of AGA.

Transwomen have diminished mental health-related quality of life compared with the general female population. However, surgical treatments (e.g. FFS, GRS, or both) are associated with improved mental health-related quality of life.

Microvascular training has become commonplace in otolaryngology-head and neck surgery training programs, with more than one in eight of these academic physicians reporting microvascular training. There was no self-reported difference in flap failure rates on the basis of postoperative care and monitoring regimen. The results of this survey suggest that a simplified consensus postoperative regimen can be recommended.

Feminization of the forehead through cranioplasty is safe and has a significant impact in determining the gender of the patient. The strong association between femininity and attractiveness can now be more specifically attributed to the upper third of the face and the interplay of the glabellar prominence of the forehead, along with the eyebrow shape and position, and hairline shape and position. These results have strong implications for a paradigm shift in the method of facial analysis used to select aesthetic procedures and illuminates the processes by which femininity and attractiveness are interpreted in faces.

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The majority of complications after UPPP with or without additional procedures occur within 1 to 2 hours after surgery. Postoperative oxygen desaturation is usually no worse than that that was observed on preoperative polysomnography findings. A 2 to 3 hour observation period may be suitable for patients after UPPP; if a patient experiences no complications and is maintaining adequate oxygenation and analgesia, same-day discharge from recovery room may be considered.

The use of additional antibiotics outside the perioperative timeframe does not reduce the rate of postoperative infections; however, such antibiotic use may be warranted in cases of severe facial trauma with multiple open fracture wounds. Laryngoscope, 2010.