An Analytical Study of the Shock Tube Ignition of Mixtures of Methane and Ethane

Westbrook, Charles K.

doi:10.1080/00102207908946891

Cited by 134 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, since the reason for the slow ignition of methane is its lack of chain branching alkyl radicals (i.e., those that lead to H atoms and reaction (1)), the addition of relatively small amounts of higher hydrocarbon species can provide those chain-branching agents and accelerate ignition. This phenomenon is familiar as the sensitization of methane ignition by the addition of higher hydrocarbons [16,32], and the natural gas industry is well aware of how the ignition of natural gas is sensitive to the specific composition of the natural gas, especially the fraction of higher hydrocarbons [33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many years of experiments have shown [14] that these variables influence the knock tendencies and octane ratings of different hydrocarbons, and our modeling work has shown, in fundamental chemical kinetic terms, how they control engine knock in spark-ignition engines [8,9,11], ignition in the rapid compression machine [7,15], and ignition in shock tubes [16][17][18]. In the present work, we further extend the range of structures and sizes of alkane fuels suitable for detailed kinetic studies by developing detailed kinetic mechanisms for the eight isomers of heptane (i.e., excluding n-heptane).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers

Westbrook

Pitz

Curran

et al. 2001

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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High-temperature detailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms are developed for all nine chemical isomers of heptane (C 7 H 16 ), following techniques and models developed previously for other smaller alkane hydrocarbon species. These reaction mechanisms are tested by computing shock tube ignition delay times for stoichiometric heptane/oxygen mixtures diluted by argon. Although no corresponding experiments have been reported in the literature for most of these isomers of heptane, intercomparisons between the computed results for these isomers and comparisons with available experimental results for other alkane fuels are used to validate the reaction mechanisms as much as possible. Differences in the overall reaction rates of these heptane isomers are discussed in terms of differences in their molecular structure and the resulting variations in rates of important chain branching and termination reactions. The implications of these results regarding ignition of other alkane fuels are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers

Westbrook

Pitz

Curran

et al. 2001

Int J of Chemical Kinetics

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“…Both types of models can be employed for predicting major species concentration, temperature profiles, and laminar burning velocities. [6][7][8][9][10][11] In simplified models, species whose concentrations are not calculated by the kinetics scheme are calculated by assuming thermodynamic equilibrium exists between calculated species and those not calculated. Our efforts focused on selecting and modifying one of the existing simple models such that the model could accurately predict not only the major flame gas and temperature profiles, but also the concentration profile of the soot nucleus and growth species.…”

Section: Figure 2 Radiant Fraction Measurements As a Function Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These models range from complex to very simple kinetic models. The complex models include detailed kinetics of all major and minor flame species 8 and typically involve reaction schemes with 75 to 150 reactions and 30 to 50 reaction species. Simple models have typically had 1 to 20 reactions [9][10] and involve <10 of the major flame species (i.e., CO 2 , H 2 O, H 2 , CO, C 2 H 2 , H, and OH).…”

Section: Figure 2 Radiant Fraction Measurements As a Function Of Thementioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel High-Heat Transfer Low-NO{sub x} Natural Gas Combustion System. Final Technical Report

Abbasi¹

2004

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Executive SummaryThis report is submitted to the United States Department of Energy in fulfillment of the contractual requirement for a Final Technical Report covering Phases !, II, and III of the project titled, 'A Novel High-Heat Transfer Low-NO x Natural Gas Combustion System', under cooperative agreement number DE-FC02-95CE41185. The full project is divided into three Phases with go-no go decision points after Phases I and II. The 15-month Phase I of the project, titled Research and Development Definition, focused on acquiring the market needs, modeling, design, and test plan information needed to proceed with Phase II. Phase I was completed on time and within budget, and Phase I was highly successful. The 24-month Phase II, titled Research and Development, focused on design, fabrication, and testing of the high-heat transfer low-NO x natural gas combustion system on laboratory and pilot scale furnaces. All goals and objectives for Phases I and II have been achieved. The 36-month Phase III, titled Demonstration Testing and Planning for Adoption, focused on commercial demonstration of the high heat transfer lowNOx natural gas combustion system on an Owens Corning fiberglass furnace. All goals and objectives of Phase III have been met. The project was completed on budget.The project team assembled all elements necessary to develop and demonstrate this novel, innovative technology and to accelerate its commercialization. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is a premier industry-supported energy systems and environmental technology development organization. The Institute of Gas Technology (IGT) was the original prime contractor. During this course of this project, IGT combined with the Gas Research Institute (GRI) to form a larger not-for-profit corporation still focused on energy and environmental research and technology development. Combustion Tec (CTI), a division of Eclipse, is a major supplier of advanced natural gas combustion systems to the glass industry. Combustion Tec was an independent company at the start of this project and was purchased during the project period. Combustion Tec now serves as the glass industry combustion system supplier for Eclipse. Owens Corning (OC) is a leading glass industry manufacturer/end-user with a well-established reputation for the introduction of innovative technology. GTI and Combustion Tec have an established track record of successful teaming arrangements over the past fourteen years that has rapidly commercialized innovative technologies in the glass industry. Owens Corning participation ensures development is focused on end-user needs and commercialization barriers are minimized. The strong industrial participation in this project team and the active participation of industrial team members in all Phases and Tasks of the project demonstrates the commitment of industry to develop and commercialize this innovative energy-saving, low emission combustion system. The key component of the system is an innovative burner technology conceived by GTI. This novel burner capita...

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“…The model follows the time evolution of a given sample of gas that consists initially of a mixture of fuel, air, and residual products from previous cycles. The computations use the HCT code [10] with a detailed reaction mechanism [11][12][13] that has been thoroughly tested for the fuel and conditions of this study. The rate constants used in the current modeling analysis are tabulated in Ref.…”

Section: Chemical Kinetics Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulse combustion: The quantification of characteristic times

Keller

Bramlette

Westbrook

et al. 1990

Combustion and Flame

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Measurements of the total ignition delay time in a pulse combustor have been made for several chemical kinetic ignition delay times and several fluid dynamic mixing times. These measured total ignition delay times are compared with calculated values of the characteristic time for mixing and with calculated values for the homogeneous ignition delay time. A chemical kinetic model was used to calculate the homogeneous chemical kinetic ignition delay time for conditions typical of an operating pulse combustor. Similarly, a fluid dynamic mixing model was used to estimate characteristic times for a transient jet of cold reactants to mix with an ambient environment of hot products to an ignition temperature. These calculated time scales compared well with measured values in both trend and magnitude. It has also been shown that a simple sum of the characteristic mixing times and chemical kinetics times provides a good first-order approximation to the total ignition delay time.

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An Analytical Study of the Shock Tube Ignition of Mixtures of Methane and Ethane

Cited by 134 publications

References 48 publications

Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers

Chemical kinetic modeling study of shock tube ignition of heptane isomers

A Novel High-Heat Transfer Low-NO{sub x} Natural Gas Combustion System. Final Technical Report

Pulse combustion: The quantification of characteristic times

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