An Analytical Study of Hair dye Poisoning

Alugonda, Yadaiah; Surendra, BV; Nagalingam, Janarthan; Madhavi, .; Bala, Miklosh

doi:10.5958/j.0973-9130.8.1.052

Cited by 2 publications

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“…Another study also reported marked peritubular capillary congestion in the cortex as well as medulla (Behera, Mridha, Kumar, & Millo, 2015). In a study which analyzed 25 hair dye poisoning deaths, the histological examination of kidney cut section showed increased cellularity of glomeruli in 84% of the cases, swollen tubular lining cells with pale cytoplasm in 76% of the cases, and focal areas of total loss of tubular lining cells in 72% of the cases (Alugonda et al, 2013). Most of the histopathological changes appeared more pronounced on the proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs) than distal convoluted tubules (DCTs).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Tender palpable liver with features of acute hepatitis on liver biopsy was seen in many patients (Abdelraheem et al, 2010). In a study which analyzed 25 hair dye poisoning deaths, the histological examination of liver cross section showed focal areas of fatty change and central vein dilatation in 48% of the cases due to systemic toxicity (Alugonda, Maddileti, Naga Lingam, & Rangaiah, 2013). One study reported that sections of treated liver showed mild chronic inflammations with one necroinflammatory focus, which with increasing the dose become multiple foci (Abd-ElZaher, Fawzy, Ahmed, Abd-Allah, & Gayyed, 2012).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Al-Shaikh¹,

Alkaseb²,

Mudawi³

et al. 2018

JoBAZ

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Background: Hair dye is commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Poisoning occurs when someone swallows dye or tint used to color hair and is considered one of the most significant causes of intentional self-harm. Commercial hair dye may contain varying amounts of paraphenylenediamine and even undeclared chemical ingredients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the organ toxicity of commercial hair dye in rats. Acute toxicity study: The commercial hair dye X was orally administered to the rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg and was observed for 24 h for mortality or behavioral changes. Sub-chronic toxicity: The commercial hair dye X was administered to rats orally for 8 days in doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, then the heart, liver, kidney, and testis were dissected out of the animals and kept in formalin for histopathological examinations using H-E stain. Results: In this study, the commercial hair dye X at the dose of 50 mg/kg single dose has not shown any mortality in rats. On the other hand, the commercial hair dye X administered to rats orally for 8 days at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg caused toxicological effects manifested by some histopathological changes in the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study showed that the commercial hair dye X at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg produced toxic effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats. Therefore, it is important to raise the public awareness about the potential toxicity of the hair dyes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Al-Shaikh¹,

Alkaseb²,

Mudawi³

et al. 2018

JoBAZ

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“…Hair dye poisoning was the cause of 439 deaths (2.6% of all reported deaths) during the middle decade, with 319 reported during 2004-2008 and 120 during 2009-2013. All were due to paraphenylenediamine (PPD) poisoning [77,[126][127][128][129]166], either in the generic form of stone hair dye or the branded Vasmol 33. It is unclear whether cases continued after 2013, in the absence of reports; no regulatory activities were identified to explain a reduction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of pesticides for lethal poisoning in India during 1999 to 2018: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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Background Poisoning is a major problem in India. However, there is little systematic information on the key poisons responsible for most deaths by geographical area and over time. We aimed to review the literature to identify the poison classes causing the greatest number of deaths in India over the last 20 years. Methods We performed a systematic literature review in Medline, Embase and Google Scholar (1999–2018), and Indian online medical journals, to find papers that reported deaths from all forms of poisoning in India, with last search 20 April 2020. We included epidemiological studies, observational studies, randomised trials, interventional studies, and case series published from 1999 to 2018 that showed the number of deaths and autopsy studies indicating the specific poisons or poison classes. Studies providing the case fatality for specific poisons or classes, which enabled calculation of the number of deaths, were also included. We excluded deaths due to animal bites and stings, ethanol or methanol poisoning, and gas inhalation as well as papers reporting a single death (case study of single patient). We grouped the papers into 5-year intervals and identified the two most common poison classes in each paper. We used descriptive statistics to summarise the findings over time based on the causative poison and the location of the study. Results We identified 186 papers reporting 16,659 poisoning deaths between 1999 and 2018. The number of publications per 5-year interval showed no clear trend over the period (48, 38, 67, and 36 for consecutive periods). Half of the deaths (n = 8338, 50.0%) were reported during the first 5 years of the study (1999–2003), the number of deaths declining thereafter (to n = 1714 in 2014–2018). Deaths due to pesticide poisoning (94.5%) were dominant across the study period compared to other classes of poison [hair dye paraphenylenediamine poisoning (2.6%), medicine overdose (1.4%) or plant poisoning (1.0%)]. Among the pesticides, aluminium phosphide was the most important lethal poison during the first 10 years before declining markedly; organophosphorus insecticides were important throughout the period, becoming dominant in the last decade as aluminium phosphide cases declined. Unfortunately, few papers identified the specific organophosphorus insecticide responsible for deaths. Conclusion Use of the published literature to better understand the epidemiology of lethal poisoning in India has clear limitations, including secular variation in publishing practices and interest in poisoning. Unfortunately, there are no long-term detailed, combination hospital and community studies from India to provide this information. In their absence, our review indicates that pesticides are the most important poison in India, with organophosphorus insecticides replacing aluminium phosphide as the key lethal poison after government regulatory changes in 2001 reduced the latter’s lethality. Plant and hair dye poisoning and medicines overdose caused few deaths. Aluminium phosphide deaths mostly occurred in northern Indian states, whereas deaths from organophosphorus insecticide poisoning occurred throughout India. Paraquat poisoning has become a clinical problem in the last 10 years. Lethal pesticide poisoning remains alarmingly common, emphasising the need for additional regulatory interventions to curtail the burden of pesticide poisoning deaths in India. More detailed reporting about the specific pesticide involved in lethal poisoning will be helpful to guide regulatory decisions.

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An Analytical Study of Hair dye Poisoning

Cited by 2 publications

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Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Importance of pesticides for lethal poisoning in India during 1999 to 2018: a systematic review

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