Toxicological studies on commercial hair dye brand commonly used in Saudi Arabia: histological study of the liver, kidney, heart, and testis

Abstract

Background: Hair dye is commonly used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Poisoning occurs when someone swallows dye or tint used to color hair and is considered one of the most significant causes of intentional self-harm. Commercial hair dye may contain varying amounts of paraphenylenediamine and even undeclared chemical ingredients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the organ toxicity of commercial hair dye in rats. Acute toxicity study: The commercial hair dye X was orally administered to the rats at a dose of 50 mg/kg and was observed for 24 h for mortality or behavioral changes. Sub-chronic toxicity: The commercial hair dye X was administered to rats orally for 8 days in doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, then the heart, liver, kidney, and testis were dissected out of the animals and kept in formalin for histopathological examinations using H-E stain. Results: In this study, the commercial hair dye X at the dose of 50 mg/kg single dose has not shown any mortality in rats. On the other hand, the commercial hair dye X administered to rats orally for 8 days at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg caused toxicological effects manifested by some histopathological changes in the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats compared to the control group. Conclusion: The current study showed that the commercial hair dye X at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg produced toxic effects on the heart, liver, kidney, and testis in rats. Therefore, it is important to raise the public awareness about the potential toxicity of the hair dyes.

Some histological and biochemical evaluation on commercial hair dyes

“…Studies have concentration of serum Alkaline phosphatase suggested various side effects of hair dye which (ALP) and Aspartate Amino transferase of the four include skin irritation and allergy, liver disease, test groups were significantly raised (P<0.05) heart and kidney diseases (Sosted et al, 2004; when compared with control. This outcome Bouillon et al, 2005;Amy, 2013;Al-Shaikh et agreed with previous reports (Spector, 1955 andal., 2018). A research done by MADESAFE El-Amin et al,2014) which indicated a (2019) also reported asthma, eye, vertigo, significantly raised ALP and AST after oral and convulsions, and coma as some of the side effects subcutaneous administration of hair dye in Albino of exposure to hair dyes.…”

Practice and Impact of Hair Dyeing; A Local Study

“…Permanent hair dyes are the most popular, accounting for 70% of all hair dyes used [11][12][13] . In a cross-sectional study about hair dye conducted in Saudi Arabia, 82.6% of participants had dyed their hair at some point in their lives [14] . Furthermore, 69.3% had dyed their hair in the last 12 months, with 76.8% using permanent dyes [14] .…”

“…In a cross-sectional study about hair dye conducted in Saudi Arabia, 82.6% of participants had dyed their hair at some point in their lives [14] . Furthermore, 69.3% had dyed their hair in the last 12 months, with 76.8% using permanent dyes [14] . The defined routine of coloring or dyeing hair at home has been reduced, and there has been an increase in visiting salons for coloring hair [7] .…”

Ecotoxicity, Health Risks and Contact Allergy Due to p-Phenylenediamine in Hair Dyes and Tattoos: Female Students' Perspectives

“…According to International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), some in vitro and in vivo studies on exposed human subjects have shown that some HDs and various chemicals used in HDs are mutagenic or carcinogenic [ 5 ]. According to several studies, PPD causes blood, breast, and bladder cancer in humans and other mammalian species [ 6 , 20 , 21 , 22 ].…”