An analysis of the mirror-induced objective self-awareness effect

Paulus, Paul B.; Annis, Angela; Risner, Hal T.

doi:10.3758/bf03329609

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…If a mirror serves immediately as a reminder of oneself, its introduction should lead to reduced PSI values (cf. Paulus et al, 1978). These values should then remain reduced during subsequent task performance.…”

Section: Palmar Sweat and Social Facilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Attention and Self-Regulation

Carver¹,

Scheier²

1981

1,960

359

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Preface "Seek simplicity and distrust it." Alfred North Whitehead "It will become all too clear that an ability to see patterns in behavior, an ability that some might feel proud of, can lead more easily to a wrong description than a right one." William T. PowersThe goal of the theorist-the scholar-is to take a collection of observations of the world, and perceive order in them. This process necessarily imposes an artificial simplicity upon those observations. That is, specific observations are weighed differently from each other whenever a theoretical account is abstracted from raw experiences. Some observed events are misunderstood or distorted, others are seen as representing random fluctuations and are ignored, and yet others are viewed as centrally important. This abstraction and oversimplification of reality is inevitable in theory construction. Moreover, the abstracted vision builds upon itself. That is, as a structure begins to emerge from continued observation, the structure itself guides the search for new information. The result is a construction that is more elaborate than what existed before, but it still is usually simpler than reality.It is important for scholars to believe in the value of their task, and in the general correctness of the vision that guides their work. This commitment, and the hope of progress that follows from it, make it possible to continue even when the work is difficult and slow. But there is a special danger here, a danger that should not be discounted. The theorist must always be reluctant to believe that the vision is complete, that it is wholly accurate. Simplification makes reality intelligible. But the appeal of simplicity can blind one to the evidence that reality provides. And it is still reality that we are trying to describe. No matter how pretty the picture, it is of no use unless it has a reasonably good fit with reality. These points are applicable to any field of scientific endeavor. But writing this book has made us particularly sensitive to their implications for the analysis of human behavior. The planning of this book began with a very simple goal. We were going to describe a research program in which we had been engaged, and discuss its relationship to closely related work that had been conducted by others. Very quickly, however, the project began to escape its initial boundaries. In effect, the picture that existed in our minds of how self-regulation works began to guide a search for new information. That new information led in tum to a more elaborated model of reality. The result of these changes in perspective is a volume that in viii Preface certain ways is considerably more ambitious in scope than was its original conception. From a relatively simple (and safe) research monograph, the book has evolved into a more complex (and riskier) statement about behavioral self-regulation in general: we are arguing, in fact, for the viability of a model of self-regulation that departs considerably from traditional models.In making this statement about self-regulati...

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Section: Palmar Sweat and Social Facilitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Paulus, Annis, and Risner (1978) found that introducing a mirror into a task-performance setting led to reduced palmar sweat values. This seems quite consistent with the reasoning that a PSI reduction should occur when a person is self-focused, and that mirror presence leads fairly directly to such a state.…”

Section: Drivementioning

confidence: 99%

Attention and Self-Regulation

Carver¹,

Scheier²

1981

1,960

359

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show abstract

“…Arousal often correlates with greater self-focus [53][54][55] and serves as an indicator of one's decreasing sense or level of social connection to others [18]. We therefore added a 1-item explicit measure of arousal ("How active do you feel right now?").…”

Section: Social Connection Affectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Loving-kindness meditation: a tool to improve healthcare provider compassion, resilience, and patient care

Seppälä

Hutcherson

Nguyen

et al. 2014

J of Compassionate Health Care

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Background: Stress is a critical problem facing many healthcare institutions. The consequences of stress include increased provider burnout and decreased quality of care for patients. Ironically, a key factor that may help buffer the impact of stress on provider well-being and patient health outcomes-compassion-is low in healthcare settings and declines under stress. This gives rise to an urgent question: what practical steps can be taken to increase compassion, thereby benefitting both provider well-being and patient care? Methods: We investigated the relative effectiveness of a short, 10-minute session of loving-kindness meditation (LKM) to increase compassion and positive affect. We compared LKM to a non-compassion positive affect induction (PAI) and a neutral visualization (NEU) condition. Self-and other-focused affect, self-reported measures of social connection, and semi-implicit measures of self-focus were measured pre-and post-meditation using repeated measures ANOVAs and via paired sample t-tests for follow-up comparisons. Results: Findings show that LKM improves well-being and feelings of connection over and above other positive-affect inductions, at both explicit and implicit levels, while decreasing self-focus in under 10 minutes and in novice meditators. Conclusions: These findings suggest that LKM may be a viable, practical, and time-effective solution for preventing burnout and promoting resilience in healthcare providers and for improving quality of care in patients.

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“…Further research is needed to determine whether varying levels of anxiety may be suboptimal, or superoptimal (cf. Paulus et al, 1978) in facilitating the training process and stimulating discrepancy reduction behavior on the part of the trainee in order to foster further development as a counselor. Developmental models of supervision (Stoltenberg, 1981;Stoltenberg & Delworth, 1987) suggest that these anxiety levels change as the trainee grows as a psychotherapist.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One group of studies has compared Karla Kell Hale and Cal D. Stollenberg 53 the effects of mirror-induced self-awareness with evaluation apprehension effects elicited by the presence of an audience (Innes & Young, 1975;Paulus, Annis & Risner, 1978) or through the use of evaluative instructions (Leibling & Shaver, 1973). The findings are somewhat contradictory regarding the effects of each process on task performance.…”

Section: The Clinical Supervisormentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Self-Awareness and Evaluation Apprehension on Counselor Trainee Anxiety

Hale

Stoltenberg

1988

The Clinical Supervisor

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An investigation of the counselor training process may be facilitated by application of theoretical notions from social psychology. Two constructs which seem particularly applicable are the phenomena of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. The present research was an attempt to apply the findings of self-awareness theory to counselor training, while separating out any effects due to evaluation apprehension, with the goal of clarifying the role of anxiety in the counselor training process. Results of the study indicated that self-awareness increased significantly from the control group to the experimental groups. This increase in degree of selffocus was paralleled by a significant increase in anxiety among the three groups. Additionally, a feeling of evaluation apprehension, although distinguishable from self-awareness, seemed to compound the aversiveness of becoming self-focused and lead to further increases in anxiety.

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An analysis of the mirror-induced objective self-awareness effect

Cited by 22 publications

References 12 publications

Attention and Self-Regulation

Attention and Self-Regulation

Loving-kindness meditation: a tool to improve healthcare provider compassion, resilience, and patient care

The Effects of Self-Awareness and Evaluation Apprehension on Counselor Trainee Anxiety

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