An Analysis of Social Class and Racial Differences in Depressive Symptomatology: A Community Study

Warheit, George J.; Hölzer, Charles E.; Schwab, John J.

doi:10.2307/2136773

Cited by 191 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The persistent inverse relationship between SES and mental health found in the literature (Hudson 1988(Hudson , 2005Perry 1996;Reynolds and Ross 1998;Warheit et al 1973) is confirmed to a great extent by our findings. Reynolds and Ross (1998), in particular, found that years of education have a significant effect on psychological well-being which lies beyond the access it provides to privileged positions in the economy and higher income.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Another persistent finding is a strong inverse relationship between depression and various indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) such as education, social class, income, type of housing and crowding (Hudson 2005;Murphy 1982;Reynolds and Ross 1998;Warheit et al 1973). Reviewing research carried out in the 1980s, Hudson (1988) reported that this relationship held regardless of the indicator used or the specific mental illness examined.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: an analysis using SHARE data

Verropoulou

Tsimbos

2007

Eur J Ageing

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Depression in later life is one of the most prevalent conditions forecasted to rise to the second most burdensome health condition worldwide by 2020. Using data from the 2004 Study of Health Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE: release 1) on 857 Greek males and 1,032 females aged 50 or higher this study explores, firstly, associations of socio-demographic and health related indicators with depressive symptoms (EURO-D) and, secondly, attempts to identify patterns and structures among them. To achieve the first objective, the 12-item summated EURO-D scale is used in binary form with a cut-off point clinically validated by the EURODEP. Use of logistic regression pinpoints strong associations with gender, years of education, co-morbidity, disability, cognitive function and past depression. Women, less educated persons, those with poor physical health, declining cognitive function and a history of depression are significantly more at risk of scoring higher than three at the EURO-D scale. The role of age is not as clear. To achieve the second objective, multiple correspondence analysis is used in the first instance and factor analysis for binary data subsequently; two components are identified within EURO-D and continuous factor scores are produced. These factors are called ''affective suffering'' and ''motivation''. Linear regression models reveal that the first component is responsible for the gender while the second for the age differentials in EURO-D; additionally we find that, apart from physical health indicators which are strongly related to both factors, other associations differ. Further exploration of this differentiation seems of interest, particularly as there is an indication that ''motivation'' may be an affectively neutral condition.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: an analysis using SHARE data

Verropoulou

Tsimbos

2007

Eur J Ageing

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“…However, some evidence suggests that one's sex, ethnicity, or race does not determine the risk of psychological distress when socioeconomic status is taken into consideration (Bell, LeRoy, Lin, & Schwab, 1981;Bell et al, 1982;Kessler et al, 1985;Newcomb, Huba, & Bentler, 1981;Roberts & Vernon, 1984;Romans et al, 1992;Warheit et al, 1973;Warheit, et al, 1982;Wheaton, 1982). Also, whether or not social support ameliorates the effects of life events on depression depends upon the type of support, its structure and the way an individual uses the support (Leavy, 1983).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of social support, life events, and demographic factors on depression among Maori and Europeans in New Zealand rural, town, and urban environments

Clarke

Jensen

1997

J. Community Psychol.

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“…Despite the increased interest in the mental health of African Americans in recent years, many questions remain unanswered. Our limited understanding of African American mental health is linked to the perceptions of African Americans in U.S. history (Warheit et al 1973;Neighbors 1984: Ruiz 1990Williams 1995). Prior to the Reconstruction Era, land owners deluded themselves with the notion that disenfranchised African Americans, particularly those who did not seek to escape the confines of bondage, were content.…”

Section: Trends In African American Mental Health Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, by the end of the 19"' century, researchers began to realize that there were differences between Whites and African Americans with regard to mental health. More often than not, African Americans were viewed as pathological and findings from early studies were used as a justification for de jure segregation (Warheit et al 1973;Neighbors and Jackson 1996;Williams 1995).…”

Section: Trends In African American Mental Health Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

Brown

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This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfibn master. UMI fihns the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer.The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction.In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book.Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Despite the seemingly dismal status of African American women, a more positive image is evident in the literature. As a group, they have been known to utilize support from fictive and non-fictive kin, and religion to overcome obstacles typically viewed as insurmountable (Gibbs and Fuery 1994;Giddings 1984;Jackson and Sears 1992;Jones 1983;Ladner 1971;Stack 1974). Few studies address the specific ways in which Afiican American women cope with institutional oppression and other forms of life stress, but those that do suggest that social support helps to reduce feelings of stress for African American women (McAdoo 1986(McAdoo , 1995. Furthermore, in studies that relate solely to African American mental health, Aihcan American women have been found to utilize prayer as a primary coping mechanism ). UMIConsidering the sociopolitical and economic status of many African American women, as well as the coping strategies they have used to undermine stressful situations, more scholars seemingly would take an interest in the contribution that stress-particularly economic stress-plays in determining the well-being of this group. States is such that any person of color is more likely to report more stressful life events and higher levels of stress than Whites (Smith 1985). Whereas there may be some truth to this conclusion, it says nothii;g ciosut the specific types of life experiences that differentially impact people's lives. Furthermore, it results in analyses where the researcher merely compares African Americans and Whites with regard to some type of mental health outcome or quality of life indicator (Antunes et al 1977;Carr and Krause 1978;Cockerham 1990; Jones-Webb 1993;Linn, Husaini, and Whitten-Stoval 199...

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An Analysis of Social Class and Racial Differences in Depressive Symptomatology: A Community Study

Cited by 191 publications

References 19 publications

Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: an analysis using SHARE data

Socio-demographic and health-related factors affecting depression of the Greek population in later life: an analysis using SHARE data

The effects of social support, life events, and demographic factors on depression among Maori and Europeans in New Zealand rural, town, and urban environments

Economic stress and depressive symptoms among southern African American women: an examination of mediating and moderating factors

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