An analysis of Peru: Is water driving mining conflicts?

Salem, Jorge; Amonkar, Yash; Maennling, Nicolas; Lall, Upmanu; Bonnafous, Luc; Thakkar, Khyati

doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.09.010

Cited by 18 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Regarding social impacts, in the Andean Region they are mainly focused on human movement from the poorest villages to the mining areas, as this activity will always represent an opportunity to generate new income. These results are similar to those found in other countries, such as Colombia [61], Perú [62][63][64], Venezuela [65,66], and Bolivia [67], where migration problems present similar dynamics. In addition, it became evident that mining areas generally create new settlements and a greater demand for resources, increasing the cost of living at these sites.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

History, Socioeconomic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador

Mestanza-Ramón

Ordoñez-Alcivar²,

Arguello-Guadalupe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Mining in Ecuadorian territory comprises three stages of Ecuadorian history: pre-Columbian, colonial, and republican times. In its beginnings, this activity did not have regulations or a legal foundation. The first Mining Law dates back to 1830, and it has been modified until the most recent update in 2009. The Andean region consists of 10 provinces, 9 of which have registered gold concessions, the most important of which are Loja, Azuay, and in recent years, Imbabura and Pichincha, which are the provinces with the highest number of reported concessions. The objective of this study focused on analyzing the historical and current situation of Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASGM) and the emergence of large-scale (industrial) mining. For the elaboration of this study, different methodological techniques were used, such as literature review, field interviews, and expert judgment validation. The main findings show that the provinces of Loja, Azuay, Imbabura, and Pichincha are the most conflictive areas in the region due to the impacts caused by mining activities. In socio-economic terms, there are conflicts between inhabitants in favor and against these activities and problems associated with human health. In environmental terms, the findings suggest historical contamination of water sources by heavy metals, which has altered the surrounding aquatic and terrestrial systems. Finally, the study concludes that implementing public policies should be promoted to balance socio-economic and environmental aspects in gold mining activities in the Andean region of Ecuador, strengthening the use of new technologies and education to raise awareness of the serious effects of mining activities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

History, Socioeconomic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador

Mestanza-Ramón

Ordoñez-Alcivar²,

Arguello-Guadalupe

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…En las zonas altoandinas del Perú un problema importante tiene que ver con el limitado acceso al agua; y es en estas zonas donde la actividad minera está ampliamente desarrollada. Por ello, históricamente diversos conflictos sociales han suscitado entre la actividad minera y las poblaciones locales por el acceso al agua (Salem et al, 2018). La empresa Southern Corporation que opera la mina Toquepala en la región de Tacna, desde inicios de su funcionamiento ha contado con licencias de uso de agua superficial y subterránea para extraer el recurso hídrico de las cabeceras de cuencas de esa región (Pérez-Jiménez, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Análisis multitemporal de la laguna Suches y del vigor de la vegetación del bofedal de Huaytire, Tacna

Franco

Bahamontes

2021

C&D

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La laguna Suches y el bofedal de Huaytire, ubicados en la provincia de Candarave del departamento de Tacna, son ecosistemas importantes que brindan diversos servicios ecosistémicos. En esta investigación, se determinó el cambio del área del espejo de agua de la laguna Suches y el cambio de los valores de NDVI del bofedal de Huaytire entre los años 1975 a 2020, mediante el análisis de imágenes satelitales obtenidas del Servicio Geológico de los Estados Unidos – USGS (Landsat 2, Landsat 5, Landsat 7 y Landsat 8). Se calculó el Índice Normalizado Diferencial de Vegetación (NDVI) y el Índice Diferencial de Agua Normalizado (NDWI). Los resultados evidencian una disminución notable del área de la laguna Suches y del vigor de la vegetación, este último indicando una disminución de la cobertura del bofedal de Huaytire. Aunque, no fue posible establecer una relación causal con los factores que estarían ocasionando tal disminución, la evidencia científica revisada sugiere que el cambio climático, la derivación y extracción de agua superficial y subterránea; así como, el pastoreo de ganado camélido, serían las causantes de los resultados encontrados.

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“…A vast number of reports examines different aspects of human security in relation to the expansion of the Peruvian mining sector (Gamu and Dauvergne, 2018;Himley, 2014;Lagos, 2018;Li, 2015;Loayza and Rigolini, 2016;Merino, 2018;Patrick and Bharadwaj, 2016;Salem et al, 2018). These reports incorporate a myriad of angles, including the ethnography of religious attitudes towards mining and glaciers, statistical studies on poverty rates in mining communities, and the mapping of communities' anti-mining efforts.…”

Section: Peak Water Not To Blame In the Escalation Of Peruvian Socio-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these investigations mention the disappearing glaciers, but do not connect the various mining conflicts to peak water. Instead, mining-related reports still maintain an overarching focus on water quality instead of its quantity (Salem et al, 2018). At the same time, they rarely address the fact that glacier retreat will also result in higher stream temperatures, possibly transient increases in suspended sediment fluxes and concentrations, and also toxic changes in water chemistry (Moore et al, 2009).…”

Section: Peak Water Not To Blame In the Escalation Of Peruvian Socio-...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Peak water not to blame in the escalation of Peruvian socio-environmental conflicts

Yli-Hemminki

2022

CVIR

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Over 1.5 billion people rely on more than 46,000 non-polar glaciers across the world for potable water, irrigation, industrial and hydropower uses. The melting of non-polar glaciers and its effects on socio-environmental conflicts are understudied in the rapidly expanding field of climate conflicts. Contrary to existing theoretical models, this article found that the Santa River Basin (SRB), having reached peak water, did not directly increase the number or length of the area's socio-environmental conflicts. The article identified and examined 23 socio-environmental conflicts in the Peruvian Ombudsman's monthly reports between 2004 and 2019. Instead of peak water, five other escalation variables were identified: violence, upstream-downstream dynamics, multiple stakeholder cooperation, decrease in the quality/ quantity of water and the utilisation of roads for protests.

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An analysis of Peru: Is water driving mining conflicts?

Cited by 18 publications

References 10 publications

History, Socioeconomic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador

History, Socioeconomic Problems and Environmental Impacts of Gold Mining in the Andean Region of Ecuador

Análisis multitemporal de la laguna Suches y del vigor de la vegetación del bofedal de Huaytire, Tacna

Peak water not to blame in the escalation of Peruvian socio-environmental conflicts

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