An analysis of cumulative lifetime solar ultraviolet radiation exposure and the benefits of daily sun protection

Nole, Gregory; Johnson, Anthony W.

doi:10.1111/j.1396-0296.2004.04s1007.x

Cited by 56 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has three different bands, UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C. UV-A and UV-B reach the earth's surface, but UV-C is blocked by the ozone layer [58]. UVR intensity increases with altitude [59], and it has been proposed that some organisms like plants have developed adaptation mechanisms against this increased radiation [60].…”

Section: Protection Against Uv Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Lepidium meyenii(Maca): A Plant from the Highlands of Peru – from Tradition to Science

Gonzáles

Gonzales

Gonzales-Castañeda

2009

Forsch Komplementmed

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This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on Lepidium meyenii (maca), a cruciferous plant (Brassicaceae family) which is cultivated exclusively at an altitude of 4,000–4,500 m in the Peruvian Central Andes. Maca is traditionally used for its nutritional and presumed medici-nal properties. Over the past 20 years, interest in maca has increased in many parts of the world, and since 2005 maca is considered one of the seven Peruvian flag products. Maca is exported as powder, capsules, pills, flour, liquor, and extracts. There are different types of maca with differ-ent colors ranging from white to black. We have studied the pharmacological effects of 3 types; yellow, black, and red maca. Evidence from experimental studies indicates effects of maca on nutrition, fertility, memory, and mood. Black maca has better effects on sperm production than yellow maca which has only moderate effects. Red maca, however, has no effect on sperm production. However, red maca has been shown to reduce prostate size in rats in which prostate hyperplasia had been induced with testosterone enanthate; yellow maca has shown moderate effects here, whereas black maca has not shown any effects. Randomized clinical trials have shown that maca has favorable effects on energy and mood, may decrease anxiety and improve sexual desire. Maca has also been shown to improve sperm production, sperm motility, and semen volume. Serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH, and prolactin were not affected. The exact mechanisms of action are still unclear, but so far research clearly indicates that various bioactive constituents contribute to the clini-cal effects reported.

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Section: Protection Against Uv Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Lepidium meyenii(Maca): A Plant from the Highlands of Peru – from Tradition to Science

Gonzáles

Gonzales

Gonzales-Castañeda

2009

Forsch Komplementmed

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“…11 Similarly, sunburns in childhood seem to be particularly potent in increasing the risk of skin cancer later in life. 12 Exposure in childhood may also increase the risk of disease later in life simply because the duration of exposure can be much longer if it starts early. There is evidence, for instance, that the younger a person is when starting smoking, the higher the risk of lung cancer.…”

Section: Children's Susceptibility To Environmental Exposuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields

et al. 2005

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ABSTRACT. In today's world, technologic developments bring social and economic benefits to large sections of society; however, the health consequences of these developments can be difficult to predict and manage. With rapid advances in electromagnetic field (EMF) technologies and communications, children are increasingly exposed to EMFs at earlier and earlier ages. Consistent epidemiologic evidence of an association between childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency (

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“…Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation is believed to be a contributing factor in all cases [1]. It has long been hypothesized that the real danger of skin cancer does not result from a few acute exposures, but from cumulative exposures received over a period of time, particularly that acquired during childhood [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(D,L‐lactide) nanoencapsulation to reduce photoinactivation of a sunscreen agent

Vettor

Perugini

Scalia

et al. 2008

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

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The use of sunscreens is the 'gold standard' for protecting the skin from ultraviolet light. Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is one of the most widely used UVB filter but it can act as a sensitizer or photoallergen. When exposed to sunlight, OMC can change from the primary trans-form to cis-form and the isomerization, not reversible, conducts to a reduction of the UVB filtering efficiency because the trans-form has a higher extinction coefficient. Photostability is the most important characteristic of effective sunscreens and it can be influenced by formulation ingredients and by applying technological strategies. In this work, photostability experiments, performed on emulsion-gels containing different percentages of OMC free or loaded in poly(D,L-lactide) nanoparticles, were carried out. The presence of a polymeric envelop may act to protect the active ingredient. In this study, the influence of poly(D,L-lactide) matrices on the photochemical stability of the sunscreen agent was investigated. As highlighted in this study, free OMC in different formulations has different photoisomerization degree. Moreover, a dissimilar behaviour was observed by studying different sunscreen concentrations in the same cosmetic formulation. Photostability results show a significant reduction in photoisomerization degree for formulations containing sunscreen loaded in nanoparticles, highlighting that the encapsulation is a suitable strategy to improve OMC photostability. Moreover, sun protection factor (SPF) results show that the UVB filter protective power is also maintained after encapsulation.

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An analysis of cumulative lifetime solar ultraviolet radiation exposure and the benefits of daily sun protection

Cited by 56 publications

References 11 publications

Lepidium meyenii(Maca): A Plant from the Highlands of Peru – from Tradition to Science

Lepidium meyenii(Maca): A Plant from the Highlands of Peru – from Tradition to Science

The Sensitivity of Children to Electromagnetic Fields

Poly(D,L‐lactide) nanoencapsulation to reduce photoinactivation of a sunscreen agent

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