“…Some studies in the past have suggested that the pathophysiologic mechanism of MD-like symptoms might be an obstruction of the ED or ES (24,26Y28), interference with the microcirculation of the ES (11,25,27,28), impeded drainage of the VVA (23,24), or turbulence transmission to the membranous labyrinth (25). However, none of the above-mentioned studies have included image documentation of the claimed mechanisms.…”