An Amazing and Portentous Summer: Environmental and Social Responses in Britain to the 1783 Eruption of an Iceland Volcano

Grattan, John; Brayshay, Mark

doi:10.2307/3059970

Cited by 78 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The data show a summer that was actually warmer than average, especially the month of July over Europe (Grattan and Brayshay, 1995;Grattan and Sadler, 1999;Thordarson and Self, 2003;Luterbacher et al, 2004). To our knowledge, no model has been able to reproduce the observed warming, and given the scarcity of the records and their limited spatial distribution, it is challenging to attribute the warm European summer of 1783 to a specific forcing related to the Laki eruption.…”

Section: Nh Temperature and Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 90%

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

Pausata¹,

Grini²,

Caballero³

et al. 2015

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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A B S T R A C T Large volcanic eruptions have strong impacts on both atmospheric and ocean dynamics that can last for decades. Numerical models have attempted to reproduce the effects of major volcanic eruptions on climate; however, there are remarkable inter-model disagreements related to both short-term dynamical response to volcanic forcing and long-term oceanic evolution. The lack of robust simulated behaviour is related to various aspects from model formulation to simulated background internal variability to the eruption details. Here, we use the Norwegian Earth System Model version 1 to calculate interactively the volcanic aerosol loading resulting from SO 2 emissions of the second largest high-latitude volcanic eruption in historical time (the Laki eruption of 1783). We use two different approaches commonly used interchangeably in the literature to generate ensembles. The ensembles start from different background initial states, and we show that the two approaches are not identical on short-time scales ( B1 yr) in discerning the volcanic effects on climate, depending on the background initial state in which the simulated eruption occurred. Our results also show that volcanic eruptions alter surface climate variability (in general increasing it) when aerosols are allowed to realistically interact with circulation: Simulations with fixed volcanic aerosol show no significant change in surface climate variability. Our simulations also highlight that the change in climate variability is not a linear function of the amount of the volcanic aerosol injected. We then provide a tentative estimation of the ensemble size needed to discern a given volcanic signal on surface temperature from the natural internal variability on regional scale: At least 20Á25 members are necessary to significantly detect seasonally averaged anomalies of 0.58C; however, when focusing on North America and in winter, a higher number of ensemble members (35Á40) is necessary.

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Section: Nh Temperature and Precipitationmentioning

confidence: 90%

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

Pausata¹,

Grini²,

Caballero³

et al. 2015

Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology

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“…The haze is caused by concentrated layers of volcanic aerosols, within the troposphere or stratosphere depending on the altitude where the sulfate aerosols are injected, and can become widely dispersed (Stothers, 1999). The best-known example of a tropospheric dry fog is the one associated with the Laki Eruption (Iceland, 1783), which damaged crops and caused widespread health problems across western Eurasia and into the Arctic (Grattan and Brayshay, 1995;Stothers, 1996;Thordarson and Self, 2003). Historical documents also detail the visual effects of stratospheric volcanic haze.…”

Section: A Guevara-murua Et Al: Observations Of a Stratospheric Aermentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations of a stratospheric aerosol <i>veil</i> from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the <i>Unknown</i> ∼1809 eruption?

et al. 2014

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“…This was the most violent, extensive and prolonged volcanic episode which has occurred in the Northern Hemisphere during the modern era (Grattan and Brayshay, 1995). The volcano generated SO 2 at a rate of 1.7 million tonnes per day during the first 6 weeks of the eruption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and simulation of the 16/17 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer dispersion in the northern Alpine region

et al. 2011

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Abstract. The spatial structure and the progression speed of the first ash layer from the Icelandic Eyjafjallajökull volcano which reached Germany on 16/17 April is investigated from remote sensing data and numerical simulations. The ceilometer network of the German Meteorological Service was able to follow the progression of the ash layer over the whole of Germany. This first ash layer turned out to be a rather shallow layer of only several hundreds of metres thickness which was oriented slantwise in the middle troposphere and which was brought downward by large-scale sinking motion over Southern Germany and the Alps. Special Raman lidar measurements, trajectory analyses and in-situ observations from mountain observatories helped to confirm the volcanic origin of the detected aerosol layer. Ultralight aircraft measurements permitted the detection of the arrival of a second major flush of volcanic material in Southern Germany. Numerical simulations with the Eulerian meso-scale model MCCM were able to reproduce the temporal and spatial structure of the ash layer. Comparisons of the model results with the ceilometer network data on 17 April and with the ultralight aircraft data on 19 April were satisfying. This is the first example of a model validation study from this ceilometer network data.

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An Amazing and Portentous Summer: Environmental and Social Responses in Britain to the 1783 Eruption of an Iceland Volcano

Cited by 78 publications

References 19 publications

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

Observations of a stratospheric aerosol <i>veil</i> from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the <i>Unknown</i> ∼1809 eruption?

Measurement and simulation of the 16/17 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer dispersion in the northern Alpine region

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An Amazing and Portentous Summer: Environmental and Social Responses in Britain to the 1783 Eruption of an Iceland Volcano

Cited by 78 publications

References 19 publications

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

High-latitude volcanic eruptions in the Norwegian Earth System Model: the effect of different initial conditions and of the ensemble size

Observations of a stratospheric aerosol &lt;i&gt;veil&lt;/i&gt; from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the &lt;i&gt;Unknown&lt;/i&gt; ∼1809 eruption?

Measurement and simulation of the 16/17 April 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash layer dispersion in the northern Alpine region

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Observations of a stratospheric aerosol <i>veil</i> from a tropical volcanic eruption in December 1808: is this the <i>Unknown</i> ∼1809 eruption?