An aggression machine II. Interindividual differences in the aggressive defence responses aroused by varying stimulus conditions

Pitkänen, Lea

doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1973.tb00092.x

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Boys who were rated overtly aggressive by their teachers retaliated the provocations of a same-sized peer of the same sex with stronger intensity than other boys did [Pitka¨nen, 1973b]. A similar finding was obtained in a new sample of participants where the 'maladjusted' children displayed more intensive reactions than 'adjusted' children against several attackers [Juuja¨rvi et al, 2001].…”

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confidence: 73%

Effects of physical provocations on heart rate reactivity and reactive aggression in children

Juujärvi

Kaartinen

Laitinen

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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This article presents complementary data on the relationship between the intensity of offensive and defensive aggression that was investigated by means of the computerised Pulkkinen Aggression Machine (PAM) paradigm [Juuja¨rvi et al., 2001; Aggr. Behav. 27:430-445]. The recording of the electrocardiogram was conducted in a sample of 109 children (61 boys and 48 girls) while they completed the PAM. Across the conditions of controlled aggression, the simulated attack and defence evoked a mean increase of HR by 2.7 beats per minute (bpm), but the variation between children was substantial (À10.9 to+11.4 bpm). Children who showed a strong HR increase, moderate HR increase, or HR decrease were compared on heart rate variability (HRV) and intensity of (defensive) reactive aggression. Variation of mean HR reactivity was generally related to changes in parasympathetic activity since the power of HRV changed in the high (0.15-0.40 Hz) rather than the low (0.04-0.15 Hz) frequency band. The correspondence between the intensity of offensive and defensive aggression was weakest among those children who displayed either a strong increase or a decrease of HR as compared to those children who exhibited only moderate increase of mean HR. The stronger the children displayed an increase of HR during the PAM, the lower they were rated on the teacher rating scales for depressive symptoms, social anxiety, and aggression. Together, these results suggest that the relationship between the intensity of physical provocations and reactive aggression was moderated by dispositional negative emotionality and its regulation. Aggr. Behav. 32: 99-109, 2006. r

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confidence: 73%

Effects of physical provocations on heart rate reactivity and reactive aggression in children

Juujärvi

Kaartinen

Laitinen

et al. 2006

Aggressive Behavior

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“…Further explorations concerning the main factorial determinants of the model as well as its concurrent and predictive validity [Pitkänen, 1973b;Pulkkinen, 1982Pulkkinen, , 1986 have resulted in a modified and more refined version of the model [Pulkkinen, 1995]. As it is presented, it consists of inhibitory and enhancing processes of emotion and behavior and defines four behavioral types: aggressiveness, constructiveness, compliance, and anxiousness.…”

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confidence: 99%

An aggression machine v. determinants in reactive aggression revisited

et al. 2001

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The relations between reactive aggression, situational cues, and emotion regulation were examined by means of the Pulkkinen Aggression Machine (PAM) task. In the PAM, provocation and response were systematically varied under two conditions: the impulsive aggression condition and the controlled aggression condition. In the impulsive condition, no information about the attacker was provided, while in the controlled condition the attackers were specified in terms of sex, age, and physical strength. The task was administered to 109 children aged 8 to 13 years. Boys (n = 61) and girls (n = 48), as well as subgroups of Adjusted (n = 67) and Maladjusted (n = 26) children were compared. The results confirmed earlier findings showing that there is a strong relationship between attack and response intensity. However, this relationship was consistently modified by the effects of situation and personality-related variables. This meant that, while for the impulsive condition response intensity was closely tied to stimulus intensity, in the controlled condition this effect was modulated by the characteristics of the opponent: the more equal the opponent the stronger the retaliations displayed. The Maladjusted children reacted more intensively in the impulsive condition and to minor provocation in the controlled condition than the Adjusted children. This suggests that the intensity of the elicited aggression in the Maladjusted group was particularly dependent on contextual rather than internal control. Aggr. Behav. 27:430-445, 2001.

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“…Insight 5 is that the concurrent validity of the measure of aggression depends on the context of aggression in which it occurs. The PAM study indicated that when the attacker was a boy of the same size, the intensity of reactive aggression correlated significantly with teacher ratings of children's general aggressiveness and low self-control (Pitkänen, 1973b).…”

Section: <Figure 1 Here>mentioning

confidence: 94%

Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development: Insights about Aggression after Five Decades

Pulkkinen¹

The Cambridge Handbook of Violent Behavior and Aggression

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An aggression machine II. Interindividual differences in the aggressive defence responses aroused by varying stimulus conditions

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Effects of physical provocations on heart rate reactivity and reactive aggression in children

Effects of physical provocations on heart rate reactivity and reactive aggression in children

An aggression machine v. determinants in reactive aggression revisited

Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development: Insights about Aggression after Five Decades

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