An Abundant, Highly Conserved Tonoplast Protein in Seeds

Johnson, Kenneth D.; Herman, Eliot M.; Chrispeels, Maarten J.

doi:10.1104/pp.91.3.1006

Cited by 183 publications

(187 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The LR White sections were incubated first with a milk solution containing 0.1% Tween, then with primary antiserum, followed by the secondary antibody-gold particles (anti-rabbit, 15-nm gold particles). The antibodies used in this study were polyclonal anti-a-TIP and anti-g-TIP, which were kindly provided by Dr. Maarten Chrispeels (Johnson et al, 1989).…”

Section: Immunolabeling Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Storage Vacuoles Are Transformed into Lytic Vacuoles in Root Meristematic Cells of Germinating Seedlings by Multiple, Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms

Zheng

Staehelin

2011

Plant Physiology

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We have investigated the structural events associated with vacuole biogenesis in root tip cells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings preserved by high-pressure freezing and freeze-substitution techniques. Our micrographs demonstrate that the lytic vacuoles (LVs) of root tip cells are derived from protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) by cell type-specific sets of transformation events. Analysis of the vacuole transformation pathways has been aided by the phytin-dependent black osmium staining of PSV luminal contents. In epidermal and outer cortex cells, the central LVs are formed by a process involving PSV fusion, storage protein degradation, and the gradual replacement of the PSV marker protein a-tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) with the LV marker protein g-TIP. In contrast, in the inner cortex and vascular cylinder cells, the transformation events are more complex. During mobilization of the stored molecules, the PSV membranes collapse osmotically upon themselves, thereby squeezing the vacuolar contents into the remaining bulging vacuolar regions. The collapsed PSV membranes then differentiate into two domains: (1) vacuole "reinflation" domains that produce pre-LVs, and (2) multilamellar autophagosomal domains that are later engulfed by the pre-LVs. The multilamellar autophagosomal domains appear to originate from concentric sheets of PSV membranes that create compartments within which the cytoplasm begins to break down. Engulfment of the multilamellar autophagic vacuoles by the pre-LVs gives rise to the mature LVs. During pre-LV formation, the PSV marker a-TIP disappears and is replaced by the LV marker g-TIP. These findings demonstrate that the central LVs of root cells arise from PSVs via cell type-specific transformation pathways.

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Section: Immunolabeling Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Storage Vacuoles Are Transformed into Lytic Vacuoles in Root Meristematic Cells of Germinating Seedlings by Multiple, Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms

Zheng

Staehelin

2011

Plant Physiology

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“…More recently, it was suggested (5) that leakage of electolytes is almost entirely due to passive diffusion through membranes, and not necessarily an indication of cellular rupture. In the past few years, different mechanisms have been proposed to explain the stabilization of membranes in the dry state: either the lipid composition of the membranes (12), bound residual water (25), the replacement of water by sucrose (4), or hydrophobic protein (9), could contribute to membrane stabilization in dehydrated seeds. Although the mechanisms responsible for the protection of the mitochondrial membranes are not yet identified, it is clear that they are very efficient.…”

Section: Mitochondrial Membranes In Dry Seeds: Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently, active ATPase and Cyt oxidase could be extracted from quiescent maize embryos (6). Thus protective mechanisms must occur in the dry seed which allow the membranes to withstand dryness or rehydration without disorganization (2,9,25). In the present paper, we show that mitochondria extracted from dry sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) are able to produce ATP by the oxidation of various organic acids or NADH, and this production is abolished by inhibitors of the partial reactions involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Phosphorylation by Mitochondria Extracted from Dry Sunflower Seeds

Attucci¹,

Carde²,

Raymond³

et al. 1991

Plant Physiol.

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The role of mitochondria in the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP in the early steps of seed germination has been studied. Mitochondria were extracted from dry sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seeds. Adenylate kinase-dependent ATP synthesis was inhibited by p ',p5-di(adenosine-5') results were obtained in similar experiments with mung bean and cucumber seeds (14). It was concluded from all these results that, as soon as water enters into the cells, preexisting mitochondria synthesize ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. More recently, active ATPase and Cyt oxidase could be extracted from quiescent maize embryos (6). Thus protective mechanisms must occur in the dry seed which allow the membranes to withstand dryness or rehydration without disorganization (2, 9, 25). In the present paper, we show that mitochondria extracted from dry sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus) are able to produce ATP by the oxidation of various organic acids or NADH, and this production is abolished by inhibitors of the partial reactions involved in the process of oxidative phosphorylation. The morphology of these mitochondria is also described and discussed in relation to their function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant MaterialThe mechanisms by which ATP is produced upon imbibition of seeds and during the early phases of their germination has been a matter of debate for about three decades (for reviews see refs. 1, 17, 19). Although seed respiration has been established for a long time, its link with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP is in doubt mainly for two reasons. Many authors observed no inhibition of germination by cyanide (19). Also, in spite of many attempts in various laboratories, phosphorylating mitochondria ofgerminating seeds have been obtained in only two cases, from peanut cotyledons imbibed for 40 min (27), and from cucumber cotyledons imbibed for 6 h (14). Moreover, the leakage of solutes during seed imbibition suggested some degree of membrane disorganization either in the dry state or following rehydration (5,23,26). It was believed, in particular, that mitochondria were damaged and had to be repaired during the germination period to become functional at the time of radicle emergence (13). Because fermentation has a low activity in most germinating seeds under aerated conditions (20), new pathways for ATP synthesis have been sought ( 17).However, in vivo studies on lettuce seeds showed that the ATP synthesis which occurs upon imbibition of the seeds is 02-dependent and KCN-sensitive, suggesting that the mechanism involved is oxidative phosphorylation (8). The same Sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus cv Rodeo) obtained from CETIOM (France) were stored at 4°C in closed vessels containing silica gel. The seeds were dehusked by hand 1 or 2 d before utilization and stored at 4°C in flasks containing silica gel. Their water content was 4.5% (w/w) as determined after drying 24 h at 95°C. ChemicalsAll organic compounds were from Sigma and Merck, except Percoll (Pharmacia), Triton X-100 (Packard), f3-mercaptoethanol (Serva), and glyce...

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“…The other organelle labeled with TIP-Ma27 antibodies and contained the cysteine protease aleurain (Paris et al, 1996). Because the anti-␣ -TIP antibody is known to label protein storage vacuoles in storage tissues (Johnson et al, 1989), it was argued that barley lectin is located in protein storage vacuoles, whereas the cysteine protease aleurain is contained in a different class of vacuole (Paris et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barley Aleurone Cells Contain Two Types of Vacuoles: Characterization of Lytic Organelles by Use of Fluorescent Probes

1998

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Light microscopy was used to study the structure and function of vacuoles in living protoplasts of barley ( Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya) aleurone. Light microscopy showed that aleurone protoplasts contain two distinct types of vacuole: the protein storage vacuole and a lysosome-like organelle, which we have called the secondary vacuole. Fluorescence microscopy using pH-sensitive fluorescent probes and a fluorogenic substrate for cysteine proteases showed that both protein storage vacuoles and secondary vacuoles are acidic, lytic organelles. Ratio imaging showed that the pH of secondary vacuoles was lower in aleurone protoplasts incubated in gibberellic acid than in those incubated in abscisic acid. Uptake of fluorescent probes into intact, isolated protein storage vacuoles and secondary vacuoles required ATP and occurred via at least two types of vanadate-sensitive, ATP-dependent tonoplast transporters. One transporter catalyzed the accumulation of glutathione-conjugated probes, and another transported probes not conjugated to glutathione.

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An Abundant, Highly Conserved Tonoplast Protein in Seeds

Cited by 183 publications

References 19 publications

Protein Storage Vacuoles Are Transformed into Lytic Vacuoles in Root Meristematic Cells of Germinating Seedlings by Multiple, Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms

Protein Storage Vacuoles Are Transformed into Lytic Vacuoles in Root Meristematic Cells of Germinating Seedlings by Multiple, Cell Type-Specific Mechanisms

Oxidative Phosphorylation by Mitochondria Extracted from Dry Sunflower Seeds

Barley Aleurone Cells Contain Two Types of Vacuoles: Characterization of Lytic Organelles by Use of Fluorescent Probes

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