Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Amphetamine and related central stimulant drugs are derivatives of ß-phenylethylamine (Table 1) and are thus relatively simple organic bases. The general ßphenylethylamine skeleton is one which amphetamine shares with the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine. Phenylethylamine itselfhas central stimulant properties, but has an extremely short half-life in the body due to rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO). Amphetamine has, due to steric hindrance by the ex-methyl group, much less affinity for MAO and therefore has a longer half-Iife.Most amphetamines have cardiovascular, psychomotor stimulant, hyperthermic, and anorexigenic actions. All of the structural features of amphetamine are important far its spectrum of pharmacologic activity. Any alteration may enhance, diminish, or attenuate one or several components in the actions of the parent drug. (1) Substitution of the phenyl ring, (2) alteration of the length of the side chain, (3) substitution on the primary nitrogen group, (4) substitution of the ex-and ß-carbon atoms, and (5) their absolute configuration have been studied and will be briefly discussed here. For a more thorough review on the subject the reader is referred to the papers by BIEL (1970), vANRossuM and SIMONS (1969) and VREE (1973. The effect of ring and side-chain substitution on distribution and elimination of the amphetamines has been discussed by BECKETT and BROOKES (1970). recently reviewed the biochemical pharmacology of the amphetamines. The metabolism and disposition of methylphenidate were reported by F ARAJ et al.
Amphetamine and related central stimulant drugs are derivatives of ß-phenylethylamine (Table 1) and are thus relatively simple organic bases. The general ßphenylethylamine skeleton is one which amphetamine shares with the neurotransmitters noradrenaline, adrenaline, and dopamine. Phenylethylamine itselfhas central stimulant properties, but has an extremely short half-life in the body due to rapid metabolism by monoamine oxidase (MAO). Amphetamine has, due to steric hindrance by the ex-methyl group, much less affinity for MAO and therefore has a longer half-Iife.Most amphetamines have cardiovascular, psychomotor stimulant, hyperthermic, and anorexigenic actions. All of the structural features of amphetamine are important far its spectrum of pharmacologic activity. Any alteration may enhance, diminish, or attenuate one or several components in the actions of the parent drug. (1) Substitution of the phenyl ring, (2) alteration of the length of the side chain, (3) substitution on the primary nitrogen group, (4) substitution of the ex-and ß-carbon atoms, and (5) their absolute configuration have been studied and will be briefly discussed here. For a more thorough review on the subject the reader is referred to the papers by BIEL (1970), vANRossuM and SIMONS (1969) and VREE (1973. The effect of ring and side-chain substitution on distribution and elimination of the amphetamines has been discussed by BECKETT and BROOKES (1970). recently reviewed the biochemical pharmacology of the amphetamines. The metabolism and disposition of methylphenidate were reported by F ARAJ et al.
Communication among conspecifics is essential to normal social interaction. Treatments which affect communication should also affect social interactions in group situations. Three kinds of psychoactive drugs, a stimulant, a tranquilizer, and a hallucinogen, were administered to rhesus monkeys in order to determine their effects on nonverbal communication and group social behavior. In comparison with nontreated conditions, the stimulant improved communication in cooperative conditioning, the tranquilizer markedly damped both transmission and reception of nonverbal cues, and the hallucinogen only slightly affected transmission and reception. In subsequent group situations, the stimulant facilitated intragroup social behavior and reduced aggression, the tranquilizer reduced the attractiveness of the treated animal to its untreated partners, and the hallucinogen drastically reduced all social behavior within the group and markedly augmented the proportion of aggressive responses directed toward the drugged subject. An inverse relationship between transmission ability and receptive sensitivity was found in untreated subjects, a finding which has also been reported for human subjects.Recent investigations in the field and laboratory (Miller, 1967(Miller, , 1971 have established that the exchange of vocal, postural, facial, and tactual expressions among primates plays an important role in maintenance of group structure and cohesion. Most primates live in social groups which are organized around a dominance structure with differentiated social roles and priorities. Nonverbal signals (e.g., exchange of greeting gestures, subtle expressions of social submission, mutual grooming, threatening stances, etc.) facilitate and maintain stable social interactions within the group, while significant flaws or modifications of nonverbal behavior are disruptive. Thus, for example, it has been demonstrated that social dominance hierarchies in the 1 These investigations were supported by a research grant (MH-00487
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.