“…Enzymatic biosensors have demonstrated the ability to detect various heavy metal ions, including Pb 2+ , Cu 2+ , Cd 2+ , Cr(VI), and Hg 2+ . − These indirect mode biosensors are based upon the inhibition of enzyme (urease, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, and catalase) activity in the presence toxic heavy metals. Their advantages include low LODs (up to nanomolar concentrations), high selectivity, repeatability, and in some cases storage at 4 °C from 14 to 30 days. − Of particular interest is the ability of many indirect mode enzymatic biosensors to detect heavy metals ions such as Hg 2+ , Ni 2+ , Pb 2+ , and Cd 2+ at concentrations below WHO guideline values for drinking water. , In addition, many researchers are now taking advantage of nanomaterials in the fabrication of enzyme-based biosensors that due to their enhanced conductivity help to improve the signal-to-noise ratio and signal transduction . However, enzyme immobilization remains a challenge, which is crucial for the stability, shelf life, reproducibility, and repeatability of enzyme-based biosensors …”