Designing of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymatic Biosensors: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Abstract

Among the many biological entities employed in the development of biosensors, enzymes have attracted the most attention. Nanotechnology has been fostering excellent prospects in the development of enzymatic biosensors, since enzyme immobilization onto conductive nanostructures can improve characteristics that are crucial in biosensor transduction, such as surface-to-volume ratio, signal response, selectivity, sensitivity, conductivity, and biocatalytic activity, among others. These and other advantages of nanomaterial-based enzymatic biosensors are discussed in this work via the compilation of several reports on their applications in different industrial segments. To provide detailed insights into the state of the art of this technology, all the relevant concepts around the topic are discussed, including the properties of enzymes, the mechanisms involved in their immobilization, and the application of different enzyme-derived biosensors and nanomaterials. Finally, there is a discussion around the pressing challenges in this technology, which will be useful for guiding the development of future research in the area.

Current Status and Future Perspectives of Supports and Protocols for Enzyme Immobilization

“…The possibility of pre-casting these structures with different pore sizes, such as microstructures and porous membranes, is a reality [208][209][210]. These structures with different groups, receptors, sensitivity to perform immobilization, and production and low-cost materials to achieve these goals make the material produced more competitive for industrial applications [211][212][213][214][215].…”

Advanced Optical Sensing of Phenolic Compounds for Environmental Applications

“…Their reactions are effective, fast, and highly selective. These characteristics make nano enzymes exceptionally good candidates for the development of new sensing and monitoring applications [74].…”

A Comprehensive Review on the Use of Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) Coupled with Enzymes as Biosensors

“…However, although demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity to several analytes, as well as catalytic activity superior to that of artificial catalysts, enzymes, being biological structures, possess low thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. Additionally, they may lose their activity during analytical protocols [4][5][6]. In this sense, one strategy to circumvent these limitations and provide operational improvements to these biocatalysts is their immobilization [1,[4][5][6].…”