Amorphous hole-transporting layer in slot-die coated perovskite solar cells

Qin, Tianshi; Huang, Wenchao; Kim, Jueng Eun; Vak, Doojin; Forsyth, Craig M.; McNeill, Christopher R.; Cheng, Yi‐Bing

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.11.022

Cited by 151 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The normalized UV–vis absorption spectra of DMZ in chloroform and film on quartz are shown in Figure S5a (Supporting Information), both exhibit almost the identical absorption band UV region with the absorption maximum at 373 nm without obvious redshift from solution to film, indicating the weak intermolecular π–π stacking of DMZ, while the both spectra of DMZ also show a broad optical absorption in the visible region centered at 470 nm, revealing enhanced conjugation through 9‐ylidene double bond with better π‐electron delocalization, but the absorption is very weak when the wavelengths more than 430 nm, demonstrating that the optical properties of the DMZ match very well with MAPbI 3 in the visible wavelength range (500–800 nm, which is the main absorption of MAPbI 3 ), which promise its potential as a HTL in inverted planar PSCs. The bandgap ( E g ) of DMZ was calculated with the Tauc plot method for direct bandgap material

{(α h ν)}^{2} = A (h ν - E_{g})

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Enhanced by Thickness Tuning of New Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Layer

Lai

Meng

et al. 2019

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A new hole transporting material (HTM) named DMZ is synthesized and employed as a dopant‐free HTM in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Systematic studies demonstrate that the thickness of the hole transporting layer can effectively enhance the morphology and crystallinity of the perovskite layer, leading to low series resistance and less defects in the crystal. As a result, the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.61% with JSC = 22.62 mA cm−2, VOC = 1.02 V, and FF = 81.05% (an average one is 17.62%) is achieved with a thickness of ≈13 nm of DMZ (2 mg mL−1) under standard global AM 1.5 illumination, which is ≈1.5 times higher than that of devices based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS). More importantly, the devices based on DMZ exhibit a much better stability (90% of maximum PCE retained after more than 556 h in air (relative humidity ≈ 45%–50%) without any encapsulation) than that of devices based on PEDOT:PSS (only 36% of initial PCE retained after 77 h in same conditions). Therefore, the cost‐effective and facile material named DMZ offers an appealing alternative to PEDOT:PSS or polytriarylamine for highly efficient and stable inverted planar PSCs.

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{(α h ν)}^{2} = A (h ν - E_{g})

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Enhanced by Thickness Tuning of New Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Layer

Lai

Meng

et al. 2019

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“…[62] This allowed very rapid crystallization dynamics (<1 s) that led to more uniaxially oriented perovskite grains (fewer grain boundaries in the blocking transport in the vertical direction). [62] In addition, several groups developed allslot-die-coated devices, [59,[65][66][67][68] the best solar cells reaching up to 16% in stable power output efficiency, [59] and a combination of the both coating techniques. [62] The drying and crystallization in blade-coated perovskite thin-films is controlled by substrate temperature, gas quenching, solvent quenching approaches, and vacuuminduced crystallization.…”

Section: Blade Coating and Slot-die Coatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This led to fully coated PSCs with several perovskite absorbers, i.e., MAPbI 3 (18.2% stabilized PCE) or wide-bandgap FA 0.125 MA 0.875 PbI 2 Br (1.71 eV, 13.9% initial PCE). [62,69] Up to date, not only hole transport layers (HTLs) like the polymers PEDOT:PSS [52,58,70,71] (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):(polystyrene sulphonate)), P3HT [65,72] (poly(3-hexyl thiophene)), and PTAA [64] or small molecules like Spiro-OMeTAD (2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N′-di-pmethoxy phenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene) [66,67] and Bifluo-OMeTAD, [58,67] but also electron transport layers (ETLs) like the fullerenes C 60 [52,56] and PCBM [52,56,69] ([6,6]-phenyl-C 61 -butyric acid methyl ester) and dispersed inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles like NiO x , [56] ZnO, [58,65,67,71] SnO, [59,62,68] or TiO 2 have been successfully deposited by blade coating and slot-die coating. In most cases, elevated substrate temperatures between 40 °C and 165 °C are used for blade coating.…”

Section: Blade Coating and Slot-die Coatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

et al. 2019

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optoelectronic devices, a novel lowcost and highly efficient photovoltaic (PV) material emerged. Only 10 years after the first reported perovskite solar cells (PSCs), power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) above 23% were certified, exceeding those of much longer established thin-film PV technologies, including organic photovoltaics (OPV) and inorganic thin-film PV based on copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) or cadmium telluride (CdTe). [1] The material class of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites combines excellent optoelectronic properties, such as long diffusion lengths [2] and short absorption lengths, [3] with the ease of solution processing, low energy payback times, and low-cost precursor materials. [4] Moreover, the optoelectronic properties and the material stability can be engineered by varying the constituents in the perovskite crystal structure ABX 3 . For example, the bandgap (E G ) can be tuned by changing the stoichiometric ratio of Br and I at the halogen anion site X. [5][6][7] In order to improve the stability of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites, compositional engineering of the cation site A was demonstrated to be successful via combining methylammonium (CH 3 NH 3 + or MA + ), formamidinium (CH 5 N 2 + or FA + ), Cs + , and Rb + ions in the so-called multi-cation perovskites. [8][9][10][11] Three key challenges hinder today the economical breakthrough of PSCs:Stability: First, the instability of PSCs against moisture, oxygen, light, and temperature limits the lifetime of PSCs to a fraction of the warranty lifetime (often >25 years) of the market dominating crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV. [12] Very respectable progress has been made over recent years to enhance the stability of PSCs by demonstrating stability over 1000 h, but significant further advances in terms of stability are needed to lift the technology to a level where it is ready to compete with, or be a bolt-on tandem companion to the current PV heavyweight of c-Si. A number of reviews cover recent developments on the topic of stability. [13][14][15][16][17] Toxicity: Second, highly efficient PSCs still contain lead, the toxicity of which hampers the acceptance of the technology and could conflict with legislative barriers. [18] Other recent reviews present progress with respect to this challenge. [19,20] Upscaling: Third, the upscaling of perovskite PV devices to commercial PV module sizes (>1 m 2 ) must be achieved. To date, the vast majority of research and development of PSCs is still Hybrid organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite semiconductors provide opportunities and challenges for the fabrication of low-cost thin-film photovoltaic devices. The opportunities are clear: the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small-area perovskite photovoltaics has surpassed many established thin-film technologies. However, the large-scale solution-based deposition of perovskite layers introduces challenges. To form perovskite layers, precursor solutions are coated or printed and these must then be crystallized into the perovskite structur...

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“…Mater. [69] The published reports describe the sequential two-step slot-die [70][71][72] and single-step slot-diecoated perovskite layers [71,[73][74][75][76][77][78][79] and fully slot-die-coated heterostructures. Coating properties depend on the wet film thickness, chemistry, and stable microfluidic boundary conditions affected by the geometry.…”

Section: Perovskite Deposition Typementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Slot-die 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/PCBM/Ag 0.12 2.9% [75] Slot-die with vacuum quench 1 FTO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Carbon 1-17.6 15.1% [76] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/MoO 3 /Ag 0.0672 12.73% [77] Slot-die with air quench 1 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MaPbI-Cl/C60/PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.01-10 13.30% [78] Slot-die 1 ITO/TiO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spiro/Au 0.09-168 14.1%* [79] Slot-die and dipping 2 ITO/ZnO/MaPbI 3 /Bifluo/Ag 0.1 14.75% [72] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /MaPbI-Cl/Spori/Au 0.06 15.2%* [80] Slot-die 2 ITO/ZnO/MAPbI 3 /P 3 HT/Au 1 3.6% [81] Slot-die 2 ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI 3 /PCBM/BCP/Ag 0.15 9.38% [82] Slot-die 1 ITO/SnO 2 /CsFAPbIBr/Spiro/Au 0.04 13.9%* [83] Samples with * are stabilized power conversion efficiency. All others are maximum.…”

Section: Vapor Deposition Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

Swartwout

Hoerantner

Bulović

2019

Energy & Environ Materials

180

179

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The recent steady improvements in the performance of the nascent hybrid perovskite photovoltaic (PV) devices have led to power conversion efficiencies that rival the best-performing established PV technologies. However, to scale these laboratory demonstrations to PV module-scale production will require development of scalable deposition methods for perovskite thin films. Every record result for perovskite PVs so far was achieved via spin coating, a technique that is popular in research laboratories for thin-film coating over relatively small device areas, but not considered to be a method that could be used to scale up the manufacturing of perovskite PVs. Significantly larger thin-film areas are needed for future commercial PV products. Hence, some researchers have focused their efforts on perovskite deposition techniques that can be considered as scalable for mass production and have achieved notable results even on large areas. Here, we present an overview of the solution-based and vapor-based deposition processes; we explain their influence on the molecular crystal growth behavior of perovskite thin films and discuss the morphology as well as other material quality characteristics. By presenting a comprehensive comparison of the deposition techniques and the corresponding performance parameters for different device sizes, we intent to guide the growing research community through the methods that might enable mass production of perovskite solar products.

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Amorphous hole-transporting layer in slot-die coated perovskite solar cells

Cited by 151 publications

References 38 publications

High‐Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Enhanced by Thickness Tuning of New Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Layer

High‐Performance Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Enhanced by Thickness Tuning of New Dopant‐Free Hole Transporting Layer

Coated and Printed Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications

Scalable Deposition Methods for Large‐area Production of Perovskite Thin Films

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