Amnesia: A Function of the Temporal Relation of Footshock to Electroconvulsive Shock

Schneider, Allen M.; Sherman, W. M.

doi:10.1126/science.159.3811.219

Cited by 185 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Cue-dependent amnesia was reported in several subsequent studies across a range of paradigms and intervention types (e.g., Bregman, Nicholas, & Lewis, 1976;DeVietti & Holliday, 1972;Gerson & Hendersen, 1978;Judge & Quartermain, 1982;Lewis et al, 1972;Mactutus, Ferek, George, & Riccio, 1982;A. M. Schneider & Sherman, 1968).…”

Section: Reinstatement and Renewalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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The human memory system must resolve a critical tension, ensuring that knowledge endures over time (persistence), whilst simultaneously retaining a capacity for updating when knowledge is outdated or erroneous (plasticity). In this thesis, I examine the provocative idea that memory traces can be overwritten with new information, especially during transient periods of retrieval-induced plasticity that occur when a trace undergoes reconsolidation. A systematic review of human reconsolidation studies finds that the evidentiary support for this claim is remarkably tenuous. Furthermore, the theory fails to survive several strong empirical tests. In Experiments 1-7, I do not replicate a previous finding that is widely cited as a convincing demonstration of human reconsolidation. In Experiments 8-10, I revisit the ‘destructive updating’ account of the classic ‘misinformation effect’ in the context of reconsolidation theory. These experiments show that the effect can be eliminated when an appropriate recognition test is used, demonstrating that event traces are not irrecoverably lost, and therefore cannot have been overwritten during reconsolidation. In Experiment 11, I examine whether prior retrieval will help or hinder the correction of naturally occurring semantic misconceptions. Contrary to reconsolidation theory, I find that knowledge updating is not contingent on memory retrieval, nor does it result in the overwriting of prior knowledge.Finally, in the context of media ‘breaking news’ reports (Experiment 12), I find that the provision of an explicit retraction message, coupled with an alternative account with high causal coverage, is insufficient to eliminate reliance on false information. Finally, I contend that the widespread proliferation of ad hoc hypotheses, and the absence of systematic direct replication, has caused the field of reconsolidation to descend into a theoretical quagmire.I make several recommendations based on the principles of open science that may help to restore mechanisms of self-correction and foster genuine theoretical progress.

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Section: Reinstatement and Renewalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Hardwicke¹

2017

Preprint

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“…Gerson and Hendersen's (1978) data suggest that NCFS is not effective, as ECS failed to induce RA unless the FS was presented in conjunction with the training cues. On the other hand, a second FS has been shown to extend the temporal gradient of ECS, suggesting RA for earlier acquisition (Schneider & Sherman, 1968). Furthermore, although they employed a somewhat atypical paradigm, Meyer and his colleagues (Howard, Glendenning, & Meyer, 1974;Robbins & Meyer, 1970) demonstrated that reexposure to a FS-escape contingency shortly prior to ECS results in suppression of memory for an earlier acquired discriminative shock-escape habit.…”

Section: Experiments Lamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…, Misanin, Miller, & Lewis, 1968;Schneider & Sherman, 1968). Demonstrations that amnesia can be produced for presumably wellconsolidated information are important because they suggest that the vulnerability to RA may be more closely related to the degree of activity, rather than the age, of memory (Lewis, 1979).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrograde amnesia for previously acquired Pavlovian conditioning: UCS exposure as a reactivation treatment

1982

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“…The fundamental assumption related to the hypothesis of synaptic consolidation, i.e., the unidirectionality, had been undermined by research that showed that the consolidated memories could incur a state of fragility, in which they would be subject again to manipulations that would change the probability of future retrieval (e.g., Misanin, Miller, & Lewis, 1968;Robbins, & Meyer, 1970;Schneider & Sherman, 1968). Such studies have shown that the retrieval or the reactivation of a memory followed another period of stabilization, and this aspect is the first set of demonstrations of an effect that would be called "reconsolidation".…”

Section: Genesis Of the Studies On Memory Reconsolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A labilidade do conhecimento adquirido: gênese e renascimento dos estudos sobre o efeito de reconsolidação

Bourscheid

Carneiro

2016

Psicol. USP

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A robust set of evidence demonstrates that, after reactivation, the memories incur a lability state, during which they are susceptible to manipulations that interfere in its content or on the probability of retrieval in the future. This effect, called "reconsolidation", is similar to the period of instability following the learning of new information, classically referred to as a "consolidation". Although the effect of reconsolidation is known for more than 40 years, the topic only received notoriety recently, and since then, an increasing number of scientific publications has elucidated some of the fundamental processes. However, once the theme has been little reported in the Brazilian literature, this article presents a critical review of the literature, which discuss the historical background of the reconsolidation concept, its methods of investigation, scope and prospects for research.

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Amnesia: A Function of the Temporal Relation of Footshock to Electroconvulsive Shock

Cited by 185 publications

References 6 publications

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Persistence and plasticity in the human memory system: An empirical investigation of the overwriting hypothesis

Retrograde amnesia for previously acquired Pavlovian conditioning: UCS exposure as a reactivation treatment

A labilidade do conhecimento adquirido: gênese e renascimento dos estudos sobre o efeito de reconsolidação

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