“…In 1981, each military branch was directed to develop a health and physical readiness program designed to enhance the physical fitness, health, and life style of all active duty personnel, not just recruits. Until such programs have been evaluated, several examples of training courses can be cited that have been effective in improving women's upper and lower torso dynamic strength, aerobic fitness, and endurance (Marcinik & Hodgdon, 1982) as well as the strength capabilities of Navy women recruits (Robertson, 1981), male and female Air Force pilots (McDaniel, 1981), and Army enlisted women (Murphy & Nemmers, 1978;Paragallo, Dousa, & Lince, 1979).…”