Physical Fitness, Physical Training and Occupational Performance of Men and Women in the U.S. Army: A Review of Literature

Sharp, Marilyn A.

doi:10.21236/ada266297

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…To improve aerobic fitness (VO 2 max), long-term physical activity should be conducted at intensities between 50% and 90% of VO 2 max [93,94]. Vigorous physical activity that promotes fitness would be most advantageous for FBI new agents because higher levels of fitness are associated with higher levels of occupational performance [95-97]. Data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Study indicated that in 2009, 29% of Americans reported that they performed the ACSM-recommended amount of vigorous activity [98].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury rates and injury risk factors among federal bureau of investigation new agent trainees

et al. 2011

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BackgroundA one-year prospective examination of injury rates and injury risk factors was conducted in Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) new agent training.MethodsInjury incidents were obtained from medical records and injury compensation forms. Potential injury risk factors were acquired from a lifestyle questionnaire and existing data at the FBI Academy.ResultsA total of 426 men and 105 women participated in the project. Thirty-five percent of men and 42% of women experienced one or more injuries during training. The injury incidence rate was 2.5 and 3.2 injuries/1,000 person-days for men and women, respectively (risk ratio (women/men) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval = 0.9-1.7). The activities most commonly associated with injuries (% of total) were defensive tactics training (58%), physical fitness training (20%), physical fitness testing (5%), and firearms training (3%). Among the men, higher injury risk was associated with older age, slower 300-meter sprint time, slower 1.5-mile run time, lower total points on the physical fitness test (PFT), lower self-rated physical activity, lower frequency of aerobic exercise, a prior upper or lower limb injury, and prior foot or knee pain that limited activity. Among the women higher injury risk was associated with slower 300-meter sprint time, slower 1.5-mile run time, lower total points on the PFT, and prior back pain that limited activity.ConclusionThe results of this investigation supported those of a previous retrospective investigation emphasizing that lower fitness and self-reported pain limiting activity were associated with higher injury risk among FBI new agents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury rates and injury risk factors among federal bureau of investigation new agent trainees

et al. 2011

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“…For example, in physically demanding occupations such as the military, emergency medical services, shipping and handling industries, automotive industries and postal services, the absolute load to be encountered on the job is similar for both men and women (Knapik 1997;Lin et al 1996;Rice et al 1996). It has been recommended that occupational performance testing be used to verify whether women can meet the expected physical demands of the job in question (Sharp 1994;Shephard 1991). Currently, there is a general consensus that standardized physiological parameters such as maximal aerobic power, anaerobic power and muscular strength and endurance are signi®cantly lower in women compared with men (Astrand and Rodahl 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences during treadmill walking with graded loads: biomechanical and physiological comparisons

Bhambhani¹,

Maikala²

2000

Eur J Appl Physiol

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In this study, we compared the biomechanical and physiological responses of healthy men and women during bilateral load carriage while they walked on a treadmill at their self-selected velocity. Eleven men mean (SD) maximal oxygen uptake, [VO(2)(max) = 56.0 (7.1) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)] and 11 women [VO(2)(max) = 44.6 (7.6) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)] carried 15-kg and 20-kg loads in random order using a custom-designed load-carriage device. The load supported by each hand was measured by placing strain gauges in each handle of the device. The load supported by the body was calculated as the difference between the load carried and that supported by each hand. Physiological measurements were recorded using standard procedures, and cardiac output was measured by carbon dioxide rebreathing while standing, walking, and during load carriage. Three-way analysis of variance (gender by load by test phase) indicated no significant (P > 0.05) three-way interaction, implying that the overall trend in these responses was similar in men and women. A-priori Scheffe multiple comparisons revealed the following significant (P < 0.05) gender differences during load carriage: (1) women supported a lower proportion of the load with the hands and transferred a greater amount to the body by resting the load against the chest, (2) the oxygen uptake increased by a greater amount in the women compared with men and exceeded the ventilatory threshold during the 20-kg walk in women, and (3) the cardiovascular stress, as indicated by the percentage of maximal heart rate and rate pressure product (product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure), was significantly higher in women compared with men during both of the load-carriage walks. These observations suggest that when carrying absolute loads of 15 kg and 20 kg, women are more susceptible to fatigue and are at a greater risk of cardiovascular complications than men.

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“…Studies comparing size and strength have reported female biceps CSA's at 55% of males and quadriceps CSA's at 75% of males, whereas upper body strength was 50–60% of males and lower body strength was 66–68% of males (Miller et al. ; Sharp ) although not all data are in agreement (Maughan et al. ; Kanehisa et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…). Owing to gender differences in size, the upper body isometric mean lifting strength (MLS) of women is about 60% of men (Sharp ), suggesting that women who work in occupations requiring prolonged repetitive lifting may be at a greater risk of musculoskeletal injury, when working alongside men, under daily time constraints when a job needs to be done (Latash and Anson ; Ge et al. ; Madeleine et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Muscle and liver glycogen utilization during prolonged lift and carry exercise: male and female responses

Price

Sanders

2017

Physiol Rep

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This study examined the use of carbohydrates by men and women during lift/carry exercise. Effects of menstrual cycle variation were examined in women. Twenty‐five subjects (15 M, 10 F) were studied; age 25 ± 2y M, 26 ± 3y F, weight 85 ± 3 kg* M, 63 ± 3 kg F, and height 181 ± 2 cm* M, 161 ± 2 cm F (* P < 0.0001). During exercise subjects squatted to floor level and lifted a 30 kg box, carried it 3 m, and placed it on a shelf 132 cm high 3X/min over a 3‐hour period (540 lifts) or until they could not continue. Males were studied in a single session, females were studied on separate occasions (during the luteal (L) and follicular (F) menstrual phases). The protocol was identical for both sexes and on both occasions in the female group. Glycogen utilization was tracked with natural abundance C‐13 NMR of quadriceps femoris and biceps brachialis muscles, and in the liver at rest and throughout the exercise period. Males completed more of the 180 min protocol than females [166 ± 9 min M, 112 ± 16 min* F (L), 88 ± 16 min** F (F) (*P = 0.0036, **P < 0.0001)]. Quadriceps glycogen depletion was similar between sexes and within females in L/F phases [4.7 ± 0.8 mmol/L‐h M, 4.5 ± 2.4 mmol/L‐h F (L), 10.3 ± 3.5 mmol/L‐h F (F)]. Biceps glycogen depletion was greater in females [2.7 ± 0.9 mmol/L‐h M, 10.3 ± 1.3 mmol/L‐h* F (L), 16.8 ± 4.8 mmol/L‐h** F (F) (* P = 0.0004, ** P = 0.0122)]. Resting glycogen levels were higher in females during the follicular phase (P = 0.0077). Liver glycogen depletion increased during exercise, but was not significant. We conclude that with non‐normalized lift/carry exercise: (1) Based on their smaller size, women are less capable of completing and work their upper body harder than men. (2) Women and men work their lower body at similar levels. (3) Women store more quadriceps carbohydrate during the follicular phase. (4) The liver is not significantly challenged by this protocol.

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Physical Fitness, Physical Training and Occupational Performance of Men and Women in the U.S. Army: A Review of Literature

Cited by 9 publications

References 7 publications

Injury rates and injury risk factors among federal bureau of investigation new agent trainees

Injury rates and injury risk factors among federal bureau of investigation new agent trainees

Gender differences during treadmill walking with graded loads: biomechanical and physiological comparisons

Muscle and liver glycogen utilization during prolonged lift and carry exercise: male and female responses

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