Ammonium Polyphosphate and Red Phosphorus Two Well-Known Flame Retardants

Michels, Eduard; Staendeke, Horst

doi:10.1080/03086648708079145

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Ni et al achieved the microencapsulation of APP (MCAPP) by in situ polymerizing pentaerythritol and 2,4‐toluence diisocyanate in the presence of APP. Some other efforts have been made for MCAPP with urea‐melamine‐formaldehyde or melamine‐formaldehyde and polyurethane . It has been proved that encapsulating of APP is an efficient way to overcome the issues such as compatibility, thermal stability, and moisture sensitivity of APP for its intumescent flame retardant applications .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardant and mechanical properties of epoxy composites containing APP−PSt core−shell microspheres

Zhao

Xing

et al. 2013

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Ammonium polyphosphate (APP)-polystyrene (PSt) core-shell microspheres (CSPs) were synthesized via in situ radical polymerization. The core-shell structure was confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of optical contact angle measurements demonstrated a significant improvement in hydrophobicity of the modified APP. The obtained APP-PSt CSPs were added into epoxy (EP) system with various loadings. Effects of CSP on flame retardancy, thermal properties, heat release rate (HRR), smoke production, and mechanical properties of EP/CSP composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and tensile test. LOI and UL-94 indicated that CSP remarkably improved the flame retardancy of EP composites. TGA showed that the initial decomposition temperature and the maximum-rate decomposition temperature decreased, whereas residue yields at high temperature increased with the incorporation of microspheres. Cone calorimetry gave evidence that HRR, peak release rate, average HRR, and smoke production rate of EP/CSP composites decreased significantly. The morphology of char residues suggested that CSP could effectively promote EP to form high-quality char layer with compact outer surface and swollen inner structure. Tensile strength of EP was enhanced with the addition of CSP. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40218.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%