Ammonium Perchlorate Contamination of Colorado River Drinking Water is Associated With Abnormal Thyroid Function in Newborns in Arizona

Brechner, Ross J.; Parkhurst, Gregory; Humble, William O.; Brown, Morton B.; Herman, William H.

doi:10.1097/00043764-200008000-00002

Cited by 92 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 5 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Perchlorate has also been found in tap (>4 ppb) and irrigation (>4 ppb) water derived from the Colorado River (Brechner et al, 2000), and even in human breast milk ranging from 0.6 to 92.2 ppb (mean = 10.5 ppb; Kirk et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic perchlorate exposure impairs stickleback reproductive behaviour and swimming performance

Bernhardt

Hippel

2008

Behav

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryWe describe behavioural changes in two generations of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of perchlorate. The first generation (G 0,2002 ) was exposed as two-year-old adults to perchlorate in experimental groups ranging in concentration from less than the method detection limit (<1.1 ppb) to 18.6 ppm for up to 22 days during their courtship, spawning, egg guarding, and first five days of fry guarding. No differences were noted in the behaviour or reproductive output of these fish that were exposed as adults. However, perchlorate exposure throughout development caused widespread effects in the second generation (G 1,2003 ), which was spawned and raised through sexual maturity in one of four nominal experimental groups (0, 30 and 100 ppm, and a 'variable' treatment that progressively increased from <1.1 ppb to approximately 60 ppm perchlorate). Dose-dependent effects were found during the G 1,2003 's swimming and behavioural evaluations, including higher mortality rates among treated fish following stressful events. Perchlorate-exposed fish had higher failure rates during swimming trials and failed at lower flow rates than control fish. A number of treated fish exhibited seizures. Progressively fewer males completed benchmark metrics, such as nest building, spawning, nursery formation, or fry production, in a dose-dependent manner. Fewer males from higher treatments courted females, and those that did initiated courtship later and had a reduced behavioural repertoire compared to fish from lower treatments. The lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for swimming performance, reproductive behaviour, survivorship and recruitment was 30 ppm perchlorate (our lowest G 1,2003 treatment), and near complete inhibition of reproductive activity was noted among males raised in 100 ppm perchlorate. A small number of treated G 1,2003 females were isolated in aquaria, and some performed reproductive behaviour typical of males, such as biting, leading and zig-zagging in the presence of gravid females. These findings have profound implications for recruitment in wild fish populations exposed to perchlorate, and suggest that perchlorate may disrupt behaviour in other vertebrates as well.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic perchlorate exposure impairs stickleback reproductive behaviour and swimming performance

Bernhardt

Hippel

2008

Behav

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The chances for thyroid disorders and abnormal growth of breast milkconsuming infants cannot be neglected (Renner 2008). In Arizona, perchlorate-contaminated Colorado River resulted in causing abnormal thyroid functions of newborns, and in California the same happened because of gestational exposure (Brechner et al 2000;Schwartz 2001). Also perchlorate may reach vegetation, fishes, insects, mammals, etc.…”

Section: Correlation Of Perchlorate With Other Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perchlorate in drinking water around rocket manufacturing and testing facilities and firework manufacturing sites in Kerala, India

Sijimol

Gopikrishna

Devadasan

et al. 2017

Energ. Ecol. Environ.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Perchlorate is used as an oxidizing agent in rocket propellants, fireworks, munitions, etc. This results in perchlorate contamination of drinking water sources in the nearby areas. The present study was carried out in Kerala, southwest coast of India, where exist rocket propellant manufacturing site (Ammonium Perchlorate Experimental Plant), rocket propellant testing facility (Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station) and several fireworks manufacturing sites. Perchlorate contamination in drinking water was monitored during post-monsoon, pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons around these sites. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for perchlorate quantification in drinking water. Mean perchlorate in drinking water ranged from 1.03 to 3760.16 ppb in postmonsoon, \6 to 5094.87 ppb in pre-monsoon and 13.99 to 601.28 ppb in monsoon. The perchlorate contamination is found to be varied with season, site and the type of drinking water.

show abstract

“…No statistically significant IUI or thyroid functions changes were observed between the subjects in the three dosing groups. 5) Brechner et al [31]. This was an epidemiological study analysing the relationship between exposure to perchlorate in water and neonatal TSH levels.…”

Section: Epidemiological and Clinical Studies Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was carried out in part due to correct for lack of control for confounding with respect to elevations of the two cities in Brechner et al [31]. Following introduction of this control for confounding, no statistically significant differences in TSH levels between exposed and control groups were observed.…”

Section: Epidemiological and Clinical Studies Databasementioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of the Reanalysis and Weight of Evidence Determination of Human Health Studies for Exposure to Perchlorates under Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Assessment

Crawford‐Brown¹,

Crawford-Brown²

2016

JEP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This paper applies cumulative and aggregate risk methods and weight of evidence determination to re-analysis of epidemiological and clinical studies of exposure to perchlorates. The implications of cumulative and aggregate risk are considered for 28 epidemiological studies on IUI, serum thyroid hormone levels and clinical indicators. Consideration is given to simultaneous exposures to perchlorates, nitrates, thiocyanates and organohalogens in the study populations. The elevation of effects by perchlorates alone is found only in the studies that use urinary perchlorate as the metric of exposure. These studies are beset by a problem with use of urinary perchlorate concentration in that there is large inter-subject variability in the relationship between intake and urinary concentration due to differences in metabolism and disposition of the compounds following ingestion. As a result, an individual placed into the "high urinary concentration" group may be there due to high values of exposure, to long biological clearance half-lives, or due to high transfer fractions from the serum into the urine. The influence could be removed by correcting urinary levels by measured clearance half-times for individuals in a study, but that has not been done in the case of the studies examined here. It is of interest therefore that the studies that use direct measures of intake of perchlorates rather than urine concentration fail to display the hormone effects. The current study uses a "weight of evidence" approach for perchlorates, employing all 28 studies. The result is a slope of the exposureresponse curve (percentage change in hormone effect per unit exposure) of 0.3% per µg/kg-day, with 95% confidence interval of (−0.05%, 1%). This confidence interval for the slope encompasses 0, indicating no statistically significant slope when all data are combined in a weight of evidence determination. This is consistent with the conclusions of the USEPA and EFSA that the epidemiological studies do not provide compelling evidence for a causal association between exposures to perchlorates and either hormone effects or clinically adverse effects. The conclusions are 1) that current epidemiological results do not provide evidence of effects induced by perchlorates apart from the IUI effects, 2) that the same results provide evidence that the IUI effects induced at environmental levels of exposure are associated with down-stream adverse effects and 3) that effective risk management requires the cumulative and aggregate risk framework adopted here, suggesting a need for risk assessors to return to the original studies and provide separate estimates of exposure-response relationships for all four compounds or at the least to control for exposures to nitrates, thiocyanates and organohalogens.

show abstract

Ammonium Perchlorate Contamination of Colorado River Drinking Water is Associated With Abnormal Thyroid Function in Newborns in Arizona

Cited by 92 publications

References 5 publications

Chronic perchlorate exposure impairs stickleback reproductive behaviour and swimming performance

Chronic perchlorate exposure impairs stickleback reproductive behaviour and swimming performance

Perchlorate in drinking water around rocket manufacturing and testing facilities and firework manufacturing sites in Kerala, India

Implications of the Reanalysis and Weight of Evidence Determination of Human Health Studies for Exposure to Perchlorates under Cumulative and Aggregate Risk Assessment

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About