Ammonia volatilization during aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition

Kirchmann, Holger; Witter, Ernst

doi:10.1007/bf02220692

Cited by 219 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The C/N ratio for fresh manure was 17:1 that concurs with the values reported earlier [13,14]. A critical C:N ratio of about 15:1 is essential for efficient aerobic transformations of carbon and nitrogen, a higher C:N ratio is associated with (1) a decrease in ammonia emission, possibly due to an increase in nitrogen immobilization [14,15] and (2) an increase in odorous volatile organic acids during anaerobic digestion [16,17]. An earlier study has shown an inverse relationship between C/N ratio and PAN [18,19].…”

Section: Manure Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 91%

Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformations in Estrogens and Nutrients in Swine Manure: Environmental Consequences

Singh

2015

Agriculture

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Pig manure is an excellent fertilizer and rich source of organic carbon and nitrogen compounds such organic nitrogen (O-N) (95% of total nitrogen) that is plant-unavailable-nitrogen (PUN) and mineralized nitrogen (about 1% of total nitrogen) such as ammonium (NH4 + ) and nitrate (NO3) that are plant-available-nitrogen (PAN). In addition, manure also contains two forms of estrogens: (i) poorly estrogenic thus essentially nontoxic conjugated estrogens (cEs) such as estrone (cE1), estradiol (cE2) and estriol (cE3); and (ii) highly estrogenic and toxic free estrogens (fEs) such as fE2, fE1 and fE3. This study showed that aerobic processing reduced concentrations of total carbon (TC), O-N, PAN and NH4 + /NH3 ratio, transiently hydrolyzed cEs (cE2 > cE1 > cE3) into corresponding fEs, transiently increased estrogenic activity and potential toxicity, and rapidly degraded fEs (fE2, fE1 > fE3), thus reducing the estrogenic activity in manure. Unlike aerobic processing, anaerobic processing stabilized and increased PAN and NH4 + /NH3 ratio, thus increasing the manure's fertilizer value. However, anaerobic processing, relative to aerobic processing, poorly hydrolyzed cEs (reducing transient toxicity and increasing reserve toxicity potential) and poorly degraded fEs (increasing toxicity) in manure. Thus, aerobic and anaerobic environments have distinct effects on manures' PAN and estrogenic activity, presenting an interesting dilemma: anaerobic incubation that increases manures' PAN does not effectively degrade estrogens, while aerobic incubation that effectively degrades estrogens (after transiently increasing their estrogenic activity) also decreases PAN, thus making manure less profitable. New techniques are need to fully use manure as organic fertilizer. OPEN ACCESSAgriculture 2015, 5 698

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Section: Manure Characteristicssupporting

confidence: 91%

Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformations in Estrogens and Nutrients in Swine Manure: Environmental Consequences

Singh

2015

Agriculture

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“…The factors that normally most affect NH 3 volatilization are concentrations of NH 4 + , pH and water content (Kirchmann & Witter, 1989). Both soils had similar water contents, pH and mean NH 4 + concentrations so the mean amounts of NH 3 volatilized were similar (Table 2).…”

Section: Inorganic Nmentioning

confidence: 98%

Dynamics of 14C-labeled glucose and ammonium in saline arable soils

Vuelvas-Solórzano

Hernández-Matehuala

Conde-Barajas

et al. 2009

Rev. Bras. Ciênc. Solo

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SUMMARYOrganic matter dynamics and nutrient availability in saline agricultural soils of the State of Guanajuato might provide information for remediation strategies. 14 C labeled glucose with or without 200 mg kg -1 of NH 4 + -N soil was added to two clayey agricultural soils with different electrolytic conductivity (EC), i.e. 0.94 dS m -1 (low EC; LEC) and 6.72 dS m -1 (high EC; HEC), to investigate the effect of N availability and salt content on organic material decomposition. Inorganic N dynamics and production of CO 2 and 14 CO 2 were monitored. Approximately 60 % of the glucose-14 C added to LEC soil evolved as 14 CO 2 , but only 20 % in HEC soil after the incubation period of 21 days. After one day, < 200 mg 14 C was extractable from LEC soil, but > 500 mg 14 C from HEC soil. No N mineralization occurred in the LEC and HEC soils and glucose addition reduced the concentrations of inorganic N in unamended soil and soil amended with NH 4 + -N. The NO 2 -and NO 3 -concentrations were on average higher in LEC than in HEC soil, with exception of NO 2 -in HEC amended with NH 4 + -N. It was concluded that increases in soil EC reduced mineralization of the easily decomposable C substrate and resulted in Ndepleted soil.Index terms: dynamics of inorganic N, emission of 14 CO 2 and 12 CO 2 , saline soils. Os conhecimentos sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica e disponibilidade de nutrientes em solos salinos podem ser úteis para nortear a adoção de estratégias de recuperação e manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da condutividade elétrica (EC) e presença de N inorgânico na decomposição da matéria orgânica a dois solos salinos localizados em Guanajuato (México). Nesse sentido, glicose marcada com 14 C com ou sem amônio na dose de 200 mg kg -1 de N foi adicionada em dois tipos de solo com valores de condutividade elétrica de 0,94 dS m -1 (baixo EC; LEC) e 6,72 dS m -1 (alta EC; HEC). Amostras de solos foram incubadas durante 21 dias e, ao longo desse tempo, foram avaliadas as concentrações de N inorgânico e a produção de 12 CO 2 e 14 CO 2 . Após o período de incubação, aproximadamente 60 % da glicose marcada com 14 C adicionado ao solo LEC evoluiu como 14 CO 2 , mas somente 20 % no solo HEC a evolução de 14 CO 2 foi de apenas 20 %. Decorrido um dia de incubação, menos de 200 mg de 14 C foram extraídos do solo LEC, ao passo que no solo HEC foram extraídos mais de 500 mg de 14 C. Não ocorreu mineralização de N nos dois solos e a adição de glicose reduziu as concentrações de N inorgânico no solo controle e no solo que recebeu N-NH 4 + . As concentrações de NO 2 -e NO 3 -foram, em média, maiores no solo LEC do que no solo HEC, com exceção do teor de NO 2 -, que foi maior no HEC tratado com NH 4 + . O aumento da condutividade elétrica promoveu a redução da mineralização de substrato facilmente decomponível e a diminuição do teor de N no solo.Termos de indexação: dinâmica de nitrogênio inorgânico, emissão de 12 CO 2 e 14 CO 2 , solos salinos.

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“…Despite its many benefits, composting, like most manurehandling or storage practices, is associated with nutrient losses, particularly N volatilized as NH 3 (Kirchmann and Witter 1989) or emitted as N 2 O (Hao et al 2001(Hao et al , 2004, a greenhouse gas. Carbon losses as greenhouse gases (CO 2 , CH 4 ) also occur during composting (Hao et al 2001(Hao et al , 2004.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Windrow temperatures and chemical properties during active and passive aeration composting of beef cattle feedlot manure

Larney¹,

Olson²

2006

Can. J. Soil. Sci.

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Pre-vs. post-turning sampling of the active treatment was also compared. Mean daily temperature was warmest at the bottom windrow location (53.6ºC) and coolest at the top (46.4ºC) in the active treatment, but warmest at the top (44.1ºC) and coolest at the bottom (33.9ºC) in the passive treatment. Final compost from the passive treatment had significantly higher total N (TN), total C (TC), electrical conductivity (EC), Na, and Cl than the active treatment. There were no significant treatment effects on C:N ratio, NH 4 -N, NO 3 -N, total P (TP), Kelowna-extractable P (KEP), pH, Ca, Mg or K. Both treatments showed substantial and non-significantly different C (71-80%) and N (44-58%) losses. Pre-versus post-turning sampling showed significant differences for some compost parameters, notably soluble salts. After the thermophilic phase, the passive treatment appeared only partially composted. Additional disadvantages of the passive treatment included lower windrow temperatures, which may fail to reduce pathogens, and higher EC, which could potentially limit the end use of passively aerated compost.

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Ammonia volatilization during aerobic and anaerobic manure decomposition

Cited by 219 publications

References 25 publications

Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformations in Estrogens and Nutrients in Swine Manure: Environmental Consequences

Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformations in Estrogens and Nutrients in Swine Manure: Environmental Consequences

Dynamics of 14C-labeled glucose and ammonium in saline arable soils

Windrow temperatures and chemical properties during active and passive aeration composting of beef cattle feedlot manure

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