Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of urea. I. Effects of dry matter and urea concentrations on the rate of hydrolysis of urea

Williams, P. E. V.; Innes, G. M.; Brewer, A. C.

doi:10.1016/0377-8401(84)90015-4

Cited by 45 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…The ureolytic bacteria produces urease [an enzyme catalyst present in plants], that acts in the presence of moisture hydrolyzing the urea and producing two ammonia molecules [which acts directly on the cell wall of forage] and one carbon dioxide [48,51].…”

Section: Use Of Chemical Additivementioning

confidence: 99%

Intake and Digestibility of Silages

Oliveira¹,

Santos²,

Santos³

2016

Advances in Silage Production and Utilization

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The intake of DM DMI is determinant for ingress of nutrients to cater to the requirements for animal maintenance and production, principally the intake of protein and energy. The end-products of fermentation can afect the intake of silages and inluence animal performance, since some organic acids negatively inluence the intake of silage and digestibility of nutrients. For example, acetic and butyric acid have large efects on the intake of silage. Ammonia also can negatively afect the intake of silages. The digestibility can be inluenced by end-products of fermentation and change the characteristics of ensiled plants. The objective of this chapter is to explain how silage end-products of fermentation and changes in the structure of forage resulting from the ensiling process can afect the intake and digestibility of silages. Some control mechanisms of silage fermentation can be used to improve the intake and digestibility of silage. Biological or chemical additives may contribute to the increased intake of silage and improve digestibility. Appropriate management techniques can inluence the result.Keywords: acetic acid, ammonia, animal nutrition, butyric acid, forage ensiling . IntroductionEnsilage is the method of forage conservation based on conversion of water-soluble carbohydrates in organic acids by the activity of lactic acid bacteria, which reduces the pH and preserve the fresh forage [1].The ensiling process show advantages such as conservation of large quantities of forage in short time and forage conservation is less weather dependent. However, a disadvantage of the ensiling process is the relative reduction of feeding value of the silage when compared to the © 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.© 2016 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.original crop [2]. Although, correct management of silages and use of additives may stimulate the intake of silages and improve the digestibility of silages.The forages may have changes in the nutritive value due to the procedures during production, conservation and post-opening management and biochemical and microbiology phenomena [3]. Besides the conversion of carbohydrates in organic acids occurs by the partial breakdown of proteins, which gives the non-protein structures. These changes depend on the interaction between microorganisms on the material to be ensiled and amount and type of the substrate [4].The silage quality afects the intake and digestibility of ruminants. Basically, the main factors that can interfere with the fermentation of the silage is th...

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Section: Use Of Chemical Additivementioning

confidence: 99%

Intake and Digestibility of Silages

Oliveira¹,

Santos²,

Santos³

2016

Advances in Silage Production and Utilization

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show abstract

“…The straw treated with urea contained 13% moisture and N recovery was 88%. Williams et al (1984) demonstrated that ureolysis to ammonia occurs within 7 d of storage. However, they observed that less than 50% of urea was hydrolysed when straw contained less than 30% moisture.…”

Section: Recovery Of Added Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Urea requires moisture and microbial activity in the straw for chemical treatment to be effective (Williams et al 1984). The straw treated with urea contained 13% moisture and N recovery was 88%.…”

Section: Recovery Of Added Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dry matter digestibility was 18% greater with urea and 26% greater with ammoniation even though conditions were less than optimal for chemical treatment (low moisture content) particularly for urea treatment. While moisture is necessary to obtain optinal reaction between ammonia and straw (Ørskov et al 1979;Schneider and Flachowsky 1990), microbial activity is essential to hydrolyze urea to ammonia (Williams et al 1984). If there is insufficient water activity to permit microbial growth, no urease activity will be present.…”

Section: Recovery Of Added Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anhydrous ammonia contributes nitrogen to the treated straw but requires specialized equipment not readily available in many regions. Urea does not require specialized handling equipment and, as a chemical pretreatment, enhances the digestibilities of rice straw (Williams et al 1984), alfalfa silage (Kung et al 1989) and whole barley grain (Ørskov et al 1979;Rode et al 1986). Urea is hydrolyzed to ammonia by microbial activity and feeds are subsequently ammoniated (Rode et al 1986).…”

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Utilization of barley straw, chemically treated with ammonium sulfite, anhydrous ammonia or urea, by ruminants

Rode¹,

Jakober²,

Kudo³

et al. 1997

Can. J. Anim. Sci.

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Utilization of barley straw, chemically treated with ammonium sulfite, anhydrous ammonia or urea, by ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 77: 105-109. Straw treated with anhydrous ammonia, ammonium sulfite, urea or left untreated was examined in a series of feeding experiments to determine the relative efficacy of the treatments to improve the nutritive value of barley straw. In exp. 1, diets containing ammonia-and ammonium sulfite-treated barley straw were more digestible (P < 0.05) than diets with untreated straw. In exp. 2, average daily gain (ADG) and voluntary feed intake (VFI) were greatest for heifers fed ammonia-treated straw, followed by heifers fed urea-treated straw, and then by heifers fed ammonium sulfite-treated straw. Heifers fed untreated straw had the lowest ADG and VFI (P < 0.05). Although ammonium sulfite treatment improved straw digestibility, the relatively low VFI resulted in ADG lower than for animals fed other treated straw. The low VFI was attributed to the high level of sulfur in the diet. Anhydrous ammonia and urea were found to be the most effective chemicals for improving the nutritive value of barley straw. Although ammonium sulfite was as effective an anhydrous ammonia in improving digestibility of straw, it cannot be recommended because the application rates, necessary for effective treatment, resulted in depressed feed intake. Dans une seconde expérience, le GMQ et l'ingéré alimentaire libre (IAL) étaient les plus élevés chez les génisses consommant la paille traitée à l'ammoniac. Venaient ensuite la paille traitée à l'urée puis celle traitée au sulfite d'ammonium. C'est les génisses consommant la paille non traitée qui démontraient le GMQ et le IAL le plus bas (P < 0,05). Bien que le traitement au sulfite d'ammonium ait amélioré la digestibilité de la paille, le IAL relativement bas se traduisait par un GMQ plus faible que celui obtenu avec les deux autres traitements de la paille. On explique ce faible IAL par le taux élevé de soufre contenu dans l'aliment. L'ammoniac anhydre et l'urée se révélaient les produits chimiques les plus efficaces pour améliorer la valeur nutritive de la paille d'orge. Même si le sulfite d'ammonium n'était pas aussi efficace que l'ammoniac anhydre pour améliorer la digestibilité de la paille, on ne peut pas en recommander l'usage, du fait de al chute du taux d'ingestion alimentaire observée aux doses d'utilisation requises.

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Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2010

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We present resonant Raman measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) functionalized with propylamine groups at different degrees. Direct nucleophilic addition based on in situ generated primary amides is used for attaching n-propylamine to the sidewalls of SWCNTs. The influence of the amino functionalities on the electronic structure of the nanotubes is investigated. From the Raman resonance profiles of the radial breathing modes (RBMs), the chiral indices of the corresponding tubes are assigned. We observe significant redshifts of the transition energies and a broadening of the resonance windows due to chemical modification of SWCNTs. Similar redshifts are derived from the analysis of the NIR/Vis transmission spectrum. The relative Raman intensities of the functionalized samples and the evaluation of their transmission spectra indicate a diameter dependence of the reactivity as it has been observed for other moieties. By analyzing the defect induced D mode we observe a considerable degree of functionalization accompanied by an almost unharmed tube structure, which ensures that the observed effects are mainly driven by changes of the electronic structure.

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Ammonia treatment of straw via the hydrolysis of urea. I. Effects of dry matter and urea concentrations on the rate of hydrolysis of urea

Cited by 45 publications

References 5 publications

Intake and Digestibility of Silages

Intake and Digestibility of Silages

Utilization of barley straw, chemically treated with ammonium sulfite, anhydrous ammonia or urea, by ruminants

Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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