Ammonia Production Processes

Dybkjær, Ib

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-79197-0_6

Cited by 60 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…[1] Despite the fact that majority of energy is consumed on substrates preparation, i. e. hydrogen generation and purification, the decrease of energy intensity of other process areas is still a viable option to reduce the cost of the final product. [2,3] It can be done, for example, by decreasing the pressure under which the NH 3 reaction is conducted. The conventional Haber-Bosch process, due to intrinsic properties of iron catalyst, requires high operational pressure and temperature to reach sufficient rate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Effect of Flash Calcination Method on the Characteristics of Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Process

et al. 2021

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The influence of precursor calcination method on the properties of the cerium and barium promoted cobalt catalysts for ammonia synthesis was investigated. Three methods of cobaltcerium hydroxycarbonates mixture heat treatment were studied -flash, static and semi-static calcination processes, differing in duration as well as heat and mass transfer conditions. Their effect on catalyst structural parameters, morphology, crystal structure and activity was determined. It was proven that compared to other heat treatment methods flash calcination of CoCe hydroxycarbonate precursor resulted with a catalyst of superior structural parameters and the highest activity in ammonia synthesis. However, the incomplete precursor transformation and insufficient active and promoter phases crystallization during this process were indicated. In order to improve surface activity and optimise properties of the catalyst it was stated that modification of flash calcination conditions is required.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Effect of Flash Calcination Method on the Characteristics of Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Process

et al. 2021

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“…Alternative hydrogen carriers are possible by the further conversion of hydrogen to other products, particularly chemical species such as synthetic methane [46][47][48], ammonia [49][50][51], methanol [52][53][54], di-methyl-ether (DME) [55], and methylcyclohexane [12,56]. Some of these chemicals are directly used (e.g., ammonia, methanol, and DME), or can be reverted back to hydrogen at the demand market for direct use (e.g., methanol [57], ammonia [58], and methylcyclohexane [59]).…”

Section: A) Production B) Consumptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Alternative Power-to-Chemical Pathways for Renewable Energy Exports

Rasool¹,

Khalilpour

Rafiee³

et al. 2021

SSRN Journal

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Over the last five decades, there have been a few phases of interest in the so-called hydrogen economy, stemming from the need for either energy security enhancement or climate change mitigation. None of these phases has been successful in a major market development mainly due to the lack of cost competitiveness and partially due to technology readiness challenges. Nevertheless, a new phase has begun very recently, which despite holding original objectives has a new motivation to be fully green, based on renewable energy. This new movement has already initiated bipartisan cooperation of some energy importing countries and those with abundant renewable energy resources and supporting infrastructure. For example, the abundance of renewable resources and a stable economy of Australia can attract investments in building these green value chains with countries such as Singapore, South Korea, Japan, and those even further distant like in Europe. One key challenge in this context is the diversity of pathways for the (national and international) export of non-electricity renewable energy. This poses another challenge, i.e., the need for an agnostic tool for comparing various supply chain pathways fairly while considering various techno-economic factors such as renewable energy sources, hydrogen production and conversion technologies, transport, and destination markets, along with all associated uncertainties. This paper addresses the above challenge by introducing a probabilistic decision analysis cycle methodology for evaluating various renewable energy supply chain pathways based on the hydrogen vector. The decision support tool is generic and can accommodate any kind of renewable chemical and fuel supply chain option. As a case study, we have investigated eight supply chain options composed of two electrolysers (alkaline and membrane) and four carrier options (compressed hydrogen, liquefied hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia) for export from Australian ports to three destinations in Singapore, Japan, and Germany. The results clearly show the complexity of decision making induced by multiple factors. For the case study, under the given input parameters, the methanol combination with alkaline electrolysers becomes the least-cost supply chain option for Singapore, Japan, and Germany with expected levelised costs of hydrogen (ELCOH) of 6.53, 6.61, and 6.93 $/kgH 2, respectively. However, the second-best choices are not the same for all countries. Ammonia (with alkaline electrolysers) becomes the second-best option for Singapore ($7.98/kgH2) and Japan ($8.20/kgH2) destinations, while methanol (this time with PEM electrolysers) proves to be the second-best supply chain option for German destinations ($8.62/kgH2).

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“…, the energy consumption for the ammonia synthesis loop has been found to depend strongly on the equilibrium temperature at the reactor exit. 35 This analysis estimates that reducing the operating temperature from 713 K to 633 K would result in an energy saving of around ∼1 GJ per tonne-NH 3 . 35 Catalysts that enable operation at a lower temperature can effectively lower the process pressure, thereby bringing down the compression energy, which contributes significantly to energy costs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 35 This analysis estimates that reducing the operating temperature from 713 K to 633 K would result in an energy saving of around ∼1 GJ per tonne-NH 3 . 35 Catalysts that enable operation at a lower temperature can effectively lower the process pressure, thereby bringing down the compression energy, which contributes significantly to energy costs. 29 The correlation of the theoretical ammonia yield with reaction temperature and pressure demonstrates that with a highly active catalyst, the single-pass ammonia yield under milder reaction conditions (temperature < 673 K and pressure < 50 bar) can surpass the yields typically achieved in a state-of-the-art Haber–Bosch process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facilitating green ammonia manufacture under milder conditions: what do heterogeneous catalyst formulations have to offer?

Makepeace

Ravi

2022

Chem. Sci.

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Ammonia Production Processes

Cited by 60 publications

References 141 publications

On the Effect of Flash Calcination Method on the Characteristics of Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Process

On the Effect of Flash Calcination Method on the Characteristics of Cobalt Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis Process

Evaluation of Alternative Power-to-Chemical Pathways for Renewable Energy Exports

Facilitating green ammonia manufacture under milder conditions: what do heterogeneous catalyst formulations have to offer?

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