Ammonia nitrogen excretion in Mandarin Fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fed practical diets: the effects of water temperature

Abstract

To understand the actual production of fish culture about the utilization of dietary protein and excreta impact on the environment between mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), the study to investigate the effect of temperatures (19 AE 0.5°C, 24 AE 0.5°C and 29 AE 0.5°C) on ammonia-N excretion in mandarin fish and grass carp under fed and fasted states was conducted. These two species were fed a practical diet containing 325.2 g kg À1 crude protein at 3% body weight per day. The ammonia-N excretion rate was significantly increased when temperature increased from 19 to 29°C, and a linear relationship between ammonia-N excretion rate and temperature. The maximum ammonia-N excretion levels of mandarin fish and grass carp were observed at 4-8 h and 2-4 h after feeding, respectively, and the minimum values for both species were observed at 24 h after feeding. Under the feeding condition, mandarin fish had a lower ammonia-N excretion level compared to grass carp at 24°C and 29°C. The average amount of ammonia-N excreted by mandarin fish at 24 h is significantly higher than grass carp under fasting conditions, except 19 AE 0.5°C. These results indicated that mandarin fish might make better use of protein at higher temperature than grass carp when fed practical diets in commercial production. These results of this study suggested that mandarin fish had a lower ammonia-N excretion level compared with grass carp, making a less contribution to environmental loading in an intensive fish culture.

Determination of acute toxicity of ammonium in juvenile Patagonian blenny (Eleginops maclovinus)

“…The ammoniac is considered as the most toxic fraction of TAN that is defined by the sum of ammonium ion and ammoniac (EPA, 1998). The ammoniac effect is related to temperature, salinity, oxygen and pH (Randall and Tsui, 2002;Fang et al, 2017), on this basis, the temperature observed in the present study was, within the optimal tolerance level (Randall and Tsui, 2002), and whereas at salinity level at high NaCl concentration the ammoniac toxic effect is lower (Randall and Tsui, 2002;Rodrigues et al, 2007;Fang et al, 2017). Also, in increment condition of sodium and calcium in oxygen saturated water the ammoniac effect decreased (Foss et al, 2007).…”

Fish meal replaced by hydrolysed soybean meal in diets increases growth and improves the antioxidant defense system of silver catfish ( Rhamdia quelen )

“…The inclusion of a 27% of soybean and cotton hydrolysate mixture to replace fishmeal in Scophthalmus maximus diets increased the protein efficiency ratio (Song et al, 2018). Furthermore, enzymatic hydrolysis increases protein retention, which reduces environmental pollution caused by nitrogen compounds (Fang et al, 2017;Song et al, 2018;Song, Wang, Qiao, Zhang, & Li, 2016).…”

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“…Ammonia is the basic end product of amino acid catabolism in freshwater fish (Fang et al, 2017) and TAN is a factor that restricts fish production in culture systems because of its toxicity (Cruz et al, 2013). Therefore, it can be used well-organized nutritional strategies to reduce TAN levels in fish systems without decreasing growth and reproductive performance or cost-effectiveness (Hardy & Gatlin, 2002).…”