Ammonia Emissions from the EPA's Light Duty Test Vehicle

Shores, Richard C.; Walker, John S.; Jones, Larry G.; Rodgers, Michael O.; Pearson, James R.; McCulloch, Ronald B.

doi:10.4271/2001-01-3538

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…These cycles had the highest NH 3 emissions for nearly all of the vehicles, including vehicles that had relatively low NH 3 emissions over the FTP, hot running 505, or NYCC. This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that higher NH 3 emissions for higher loads or rich operating conditions ( , ). One SULEV vehicle (SU1) showed almost no NH 3 emissions over either the US06 or MEC01v7 cycles, which may be attributable to the feedback and control technology used on this vehicle to maintain precise air/fuel (A/F) ratio ().…”

Section: Emissions Test Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

“…While there have been considerable efforts to characterize and understand real-time emissions of regulated pollutants, fewer data are available for emissions of unregulated mobile-source emissions such as ammonia (NH 3 ). NH 3 contributes to the production of secondary particulate matter (PM) as ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) and ammonium sulfate ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ), and some recent studies have indicated that NH 3 emission rates from automobiles may be higher than previously estimated, although a wide range of NH 3 emissions estimates (from <0.002 to 0.140 g/km) have been reported for vehicles ( − ). At present, it is estimated that mobile sources in the greater Los Angeles area are the third largest source of NH 3 emissions and account for approximately 18% of the inventory ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have also shown that the operating condition of the vehicle plays an important role in the formation of NH 3 in vehicle exhaust. Researchers have found that NH 3 emissions can be more prevalent under conditions where the vehicles are malfunctioning or running rich ( , ) or over aggressive driving cycles (). Remote sensing studies, on the other hand, have shown high NH 3 emission levels can also be found even under near stoichiometric conditions ().…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Huai

Durbin²,

Miller³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

109

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The objective of this study was to measure ammonia (NH3) emissions from modern technology vehicles since information is scarce aboutthis importantsource of particulate matter (PM) precursors. Test variables included the emission level to which the vehicle was certified, the vehicle operating conditions, and catalyst age. Eight vehicles with low-emission vehicle (LEV) to super-ultralow-emission vehicle (SULEV) certification levels were tested over the Federal Test Procedure (FTP75), a US06 cycle, a hot running 505, a New York City Cycle (NYCC), and a specially designed Modal Emissions Cycle (MEC01v7) using both as-received and bench-aged catalysts. NH3 emissions in the raw exhaust were measured by tunable diode laser (TDL) absorption spectroscopy. The results show that NH3 emissions depend on driving mode and are primarily generated during acceleration events. More specifically, high NH3 emissions were found for high vehicle specific power (VSP) events and rich operating conditions. For some vehicles, NH3 emissions formed immediately after catalyst light-off during a cold start.

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Section: Emissions Test Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Huai

Durbin²,

Miller³

et al. 2003

Environ. Sci. Technol.

109

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…NH 3 is also found in the exhaust of catalyst-equipped vehicles (e.g., Sagiyama et al, 1998;Sutton et al, 2000;Baum et al, 2000;Shores et al, 2001). Several studies to determine NH 3 emission rates were carried out by measuring the emissions from large number of vehicles driven through highway tunnels (Moeckli et al, 1996;Fraser and Cass, 1998;Kean et al, 2000;Allen et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Comparison of Ammonium Deposition Flux at Roadside and at an Agricultural Area for Long-Term Monitoring: Emission of Ammonia from Vehicles

Matsumoto

Umezawa

Karaushi

et al. 2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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To understand the effect of the NH 3 emissions from vehicles, the NH + 4 bulk deposition and concentrations of gaseous NH 3 and particulate NH + 4 were measured at two sites in Saitama prefecture, Japan, one at the roadside of an arterial road (Kounosu), and the other in an agricultural area (Kisai). We observed that the NH + 4 bulk deposition and NH 3 concentration were significantly increased in Kounosu; the effect of NH 3 emissions from vehicles was confirmed. NOx was a primary pollutant mainly emitted by vehicle exhaust in the vicinity of arterial roads, and the relationship between NO x and sum of gaseous NH 3 and particulate NH + 4 (T-NH + 4 ) was examined. The [T-NH + 4 /NO x ] ratios in Kounosu ranged from 0.08 to 0.23 (average 0.15), and in Kisai they ranged from 0.16 to 0.67 (average 0.39). In Kounosu, the effect of vehicle exhaust was great, but seasonal variation was small. The contribution ratio of NH 3 from vehicle emissions increased at low temperatures, while that from the non-vehicle emissions increased at high temperatures.

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“…Figure 4.14 shows that for operation on 100% gasoline, NH 3 was produced on the catalyst during slightly rich operation. The NH 3 was most likely produced by the over-reduction of NO on the catalyst[Shores et al, 2001]. Hydrocarbons and CO also passed through the catalyst during rich operation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Operating Features of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

Grannell

Assanis

Bohac

et al. 2006

Energy Conversion and Resources

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An overall stoichiometric mixture of air, gaseous ammonia and gasoline was metered into a single cylinder, variable compression ratio, supercharged CFR engine at varying ratios of gasoline to ammonia. The engine was operated such that the combustion was knock-free with minimal roughness for all loads ranging from idle up to a maximum load in the supercharge regime. For a given load, speed, and compression ratio there was a range of ratios of gasoline to ammonia for which knock-free, smooth firing was obtained. This range was investigated at its roughness limit and also at its knock limit. If too much ammonia was used, then the engine fired with an excessive roughness. If too much gasoline was used, then knock-free combustion could not be obtained while the maximum brake torque spark advance was maintained. Stoichiometric operation on gasoline alone was also investigated, for comparison. It was found that a significant fraction of the gasoline used in spark ignition engines could be replaced with ammonia. Operation on mostly gasoline was required near idle. However, mostly ammonia could be used at high load. Operation on ammonia alone was possible at some of the supercharged load points. Generally, the use of ammonia or ammonia with gasoline allowed knock-free operation at higher compression ratios and higher loads than could be obtained with the use of gasoline alone. The use of ammonia/gasoline allowed practical operation at a compression ratio of 12:1 whereas the limit for gasoline alone was 9:1. When running on ammonia/gasoline the engine could be operated at brake mean effective pressures that were more than 50% higher than those achieved with the use of gasoline alone. The maximum brake thermal efficiency achieved with the use of ammonia/gasoline was 32.0% at 10:1 compression ratio and BMEP = 1025 kPa. The maximum brake thermal efficiency possible for gasoline was 24.6% at 9:1 and BMEP = 570 kPa.

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Ammonia Emissions from the EPA's Light Duty Test Vehicle

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Comparison of Ammonium Deposition Flux at Roadside and at an Agricultural Area for Long-Term Monitoring: Emission of Ammonia from Vehicles

The Operating Features of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

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Ammonia Emissions from the EPA's Light Duty Test Vehicle

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Investigation of NH3 Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Investigation of NH3 Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Comparison of Ammonium Deposition Flux at Roadside and at an Agricultural Area for Long-Term Monitoring: Emission of Ammonia from Vehicles

The Operating Features of a Stoichiometric, Ammonia and Gasoline Dual Fueled Spark Ignition Engine

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Product

Resources

About

Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions

Investigation of NH₃ Emissions from New Technology Vehicles as a Function of Vehicle Operating Conditions