Amino acid digestibility and concentration of digestible and metabolizable energy in copra meal, palm kernel expellers, and palm kernel meal fed to growing pigs

Abstract

Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility of AA (Exp. 1) and the concentration of DE and ME (Exp. 2) in copra meal (CM), palm kernel expellers from Indonesia (PKE-IN), palm kernel expellers from Costa Rica (PKE-CR), palm kernel meal from Costa Rica (PKM), and soybean meal (SBM). In Exp. 1, 6 barrows (BW = 34.0 ± 1.4 kg) were randomly allotted to a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 6 diets and 6 periods. One diet contained 30% SBM and 4 diets were formulated with 20% SBM and 30% (as-fed basis) CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, or PKM. The last diet was an N-free diet that was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The SID of CP and all indispensable AA except Met, Thr, and Trp was less (P < 0.05) in CM than in SBM, and the SID of CP and all indispensable AA except Trp was less (P < 0.05) in PKE-IN than in SBM. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the SID of CP and all indispensable AA between PKE-CR and SBM, but the SID of CP and all indispensable AA were less (P < 0.05) in PKM than in SBM. The SID of CP was less (P < 0.05) in PKM compared with CM and PKE-CR, but there were no differences (P > 0.05) in the SID of all indispensable AA among CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, and PKM. In Exp. 2, 48 barrows (BW = 35.2 ± 3.0 kg) were housed individually in metabolism cages and allotted to 6 diets in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicate pigs per diet. A corn-based diet and 5 diets containing 70% of the corn diet and 30% of CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, PKM, or SBM were formulated, and the DE and ME in CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, PKM, and SBM were calculated using the substitution procedure. The DE (3692, 3304, 2994, and 2905 kcal/kg DM) and ME (3496, 3184, 2883, and 2766 kcal/kg DM) in CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, and PKM, respectively, were less (P < 0.05) than the DE and ME in SBM (4275 and 4062 kcal/kg DM, respectively). Copra meal had greater (P < 0.05) DE than PKE-IN, PKE-CR, and PKM and greater (P < 0.05) ME than PKE-CR and PKM. The DE in PKE-IN was greater (P < 0.05) than in PKM. In conclusion, the SID of most indispensable AA is less in CM, PKE-IN, and PKM than in SBM, but no differences among CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, and PKM were observed. The concentrations of DE and ME are less in CM, PKE-IN, PKE-CR, and PKM than in SBM. The DE and ME of CM are greater than in PKE-CR and PKM.

Determination and prediction of digestible and metabolizable energy concentrations in byproduct feed ingredients fed to growing pigs

“…The concentrations and digestibility of energy in the corn germ meal were within the range of previous values [2,4,21,23, 29]. The GE, DE, and ME in the palm kernel expellers were also within the range of previous studies [2,4,5,27]. …”

“…It has been known that the dietary glucosinolates have an adverse effect on the feed intake for pigs [26]. The GE, DE, and ME in the copra meal used in this experiment were less than those reported in the literature [4,27]. In particular, the DE:GE ratio of copra meal was less in our study compared with the previous values.…”

Determination of Cell Wall Protein from Selected Feedstuffs and its Relationship with Ruminal Protein Digestibility in Vitro

“…The EE contents observed in palm kernel meal and copra meal were high, indicating inefficient oil extraction from the original materials. A study of Sulabo et al (2013) reported that the EE contents of palm kernel meal and copra meal were 1.3% and 1.9% DM, respectively; these results were more than one-fourth lower compared to the results obtained in the present experiment. Such high EE may shorten the shelf-life of palm kernel meal and copra meal due to oxidation and rancidity processes during the storage.…”

Determination and prediction of the energy content and amino acid digestibility of peanut meals fed to growing pigs

“…Peanut meal (PNM) is a by-product of oil extraction from whole or broken peanuts and the solvent-extracted PNM is increasingly being used as an animal feed (Dale and Batal 2005), since the tight supply of protein sources drives feed manufacturers to pay more attention to more economical protein ingredients in place of soya bean meal (Sulabo et al 2013). Annual global production of peanuts has been on the increase, reaching 35 million tons in recent years, while 12 million tons were generated in China alone, accounting for 34% of world production (Revoredo and Fletcher 2002).…”