Amino Acid Balance and Nitrogen Retention in Man as Related to Prior Protein Nutriture

Fisher, Hans; Brush, Miriam K.; Griminger, Paul; Sostman, E. R.

doi:10.1093/jn/87.3.306

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Additional support for estimating the magnitude of protein reserves by protein depletion, followed by repletion with supplements of non-essential amino acids, has also been obtained in this laboratory. When adult human subjects, previously on a diet inadequate in either protein or an essential amino acid, were given a supplement of gelatin or a mixture of non-essential amino acids they retained significant amounts of N from these poor-quality N sources (Fisher, Brush, Griminger & Sostman, 1965). Kies, Williams & Fox (1965) also showed a significant improvement in N retention of adult human subjects when non-essential amino acid N was added to a low-protein cereal diet.…”

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Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Ashley

Fisher

1967

Br J Nutr

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I . Body-weight changes and nitrogen balance were studied, together with the concentration of various nitrogenous muscle components, in adult cocks before and after a 6-day period on a N-free diet and again after a 16-day repletion period on diets supplying various amounts and types of dietary N. 2.In the first experiment a comparison was made during the repletion period between a fish-protein supplement and a supplement of glycine + glutamic acid added to an essential amino acid mixture.3. During the depletion period the muscle concentration of RNA, DNA and of two transaminase enzymes decreased significantly ; during the repletion period these components increased again significantly, and usually to levels greater than the pre-depletion concentration.There were no differences in these responses obtained during repletion with the two N supplements, although the cocks given the glycine-glutamic acid supplement differed from those receiving fish protein in being in negative N balance and in losing body-weight during the repletion period.4. In the second experiment one group of depleted cocks was given an essential amino acid mixture alone as the dietary N source and a second group this mixture supplemented by aspartic acid. .A decrease in RNA and in the transaminase enzymes during depletion was followed by a significant increase during repletion, but the increase was greater for the group receiving the aspartic acid than for that receiving only the essential amino acid mixture. 6.It was concluded that adding non-essential amino acids to a maintenance mixture of essential amino acids will permit greater repletion in mature cocks.7. The fluctuations in concentration of RNA and of certain enzymes with dietary protein supply may well be a controlling factor in the regulation of N losses and accretions during protein deficiency and sufficiency.8. The relative constancy of muscle DNA in contrast to the fluctuations in other nitrogenous muscle constituents provides additional support for the concept of protein reserves.The amount of body nitrogen loss in adult cocks on a protein-free diet beyond which repletion does not occur with a supplement of non-essential amino acids to a maintenance mixture of essential amino acids has been regarded as a measure of the size of the protein reserve pool (Wessels & Fisher, 1965). This estimate of the magnitude of the body'sprotein reserves was based upon the observations of Shapiro & Fisher (1962) that partial repletion of body N stores could be attained by non-essential amino acid N in adult cocks depleted to the endogenous level of N excretion. Logical support for these experimental findings may be derived from a study by Bas& (1958). Basak showed that the N losses of human subjects kept for a short period on a protein-free diet were primarily non-protein in origin and represented about 6% of the total body N of human adults on a normal diet. This quantity is similar to the estimated magnitude of

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confidence: 99%

Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Ashley

Fisher

1967

Br J Nutr

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“…If the body has varying ability to conserve specific essential amino acids and the mechanisms controlling this are unknown, there is a question as to whether a general "ideal amino acid pattern" can be defined. The data accumulating with animals and with human subjects (22,23) indicate that the amino acid requirements probably vary depending upon the protein status of the subject. They also point to substantial differences in the pattern of amino acids required for maintenance and for growth.…”

Section: Comparison Of Npu and Amino Acid Score Values Taken Frommentioning

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North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper

Merritt

Fleet

Fifi

et al. 2020

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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Parents and caretakers are increasingly feeding infants and young children plant-based “milk” (PBM) alternatives to cow milk (CM). The US Food and Drug Administration currently defines “milk” and related milk products by the product source and the inherent nutrients provided by bovine milk. Substitution of a milk that does not provide a similar nutritional profile to CM can be deleterious to a child's nutritional status, growth, and development. Milk's contribution to the protein intake of young children is especially important. For almond or rice milk, an 8 oz serving provides only about 2% or 8%, respectively, of the protein equivalent found in a serving of CM. Adverse effects from the misuse of certain plant-based beverages have been well-documented and include failure to gain weight, decreased stature, kwashiorkor, electrolyte disorders, kidney stones, and severe nutrient deficiencies including iron deficiency anemia, rickets, and scurvy. Such adverse nutritional outcomes are largely preventable. It is the position of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Nutrition Committee, on behalf of the society, that only appropriate commercial infant formulas be used as alternatives to human milk in the first year of life. In young children beyond the first year of life requiring a dairy-free diet, commercial formula may be a preferable alternative to cow's milk, when such formula constitutes a substantial source of otherwise absent or reduced nutrients (eg, protein, calcium, vitamin D) in the child's restricted diet. Consumer education is required to clarify that PBMs do not represent an equivalent source of such nutrients. In this position paper, we provide specific recommendations for clinical care, labelling, and needed research relative to PBMs.

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The amino acid requirements of man: absolute or relative

Fisher

1974

Natürliche Und Synthetische Zusatzstoffe in Der Nahrung Des Menschen

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Amino Acid Balance and Nitrogen Retention in Man as Related to Prior Protein Nutriture

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks

Protein reserves and muscle constituents of protein-depleted and repleted cocks

North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition Position Paper

The amino acid requirements of man: absolute or relative

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