“…Crude oil contains the corrosive ingredients such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen sulide (H 2 S), organic acids, dissolved gases, and salt water [7], while the oil sand comprises of CO 2 and corrosive ions such as Cl − , HCO 3 − , and SO 4 − [8]. Natural gas is also corrosive due to the presence of CO 2 , H 2 S, and some calcium and chlorine compounds [9]. On the other hand, in some sequences of extraction of the petroleum products, erodant particles such as sand may be mixed with the lowing luid to form multiphase solid-liquid mixtures.…”
Section: Wear and Corrosion In Oil And Gas Industrymentioning
Material removal caused by the impact and sliding of a stream of particles is a typical wear mode in the oil and gas industry. Protective coatings can be employed to increase the service life of equipment that is exposed to harsh erosive and abrasive environments. Among all the types of protective coatings and liners, polyurethane elastomers have received great atention owing to their excellent wear resistance and comparatively low cost that would allow for large-scale applications. The excellent wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers is a result of their high resilience and propensity to elastic deformation that enables the absorption of impact energy of erodant particles with minimal damage. The relation between the wear resistance of polyurethane and its mechanical properties has been the subject of previous studies. This chapter reviews the research that has been conducted to study the wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers. Testing apparatuses employed, material characterization techniques, evaluations of material removal mechanisms, and parameters with the strongest efect on wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers are herein explored. A review of inite element modelling approaches for in-depth study of the wear phenomenon of polyurethane elastomers is also presented in this chapter.
“…Crude oil contains the corrosive ingredients such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), hydrogen sulide (H 2 S), organic acids, dissolved gases, and salt water [7], while the oil sand comprises of CO 2 and corrosive ions such as Cl − , HCO 3 − , and SO 4 − [8]. Natural gas is also corrosive due to the presence of CO 2 , H 2 S, and some calcium and chlorine compounds [9]. On the other hand, in some sequences of extraction of the petroleum products, erodant particles such as sand may be mixed with the lowing luid to form multiphase solid-liquid mixtures.…”
Section: Wear and Corrosion In Oil And Gas Industrymentioning
Material removal caused by the impact and sliding of a stream of particles is a typical wear mode in the oil and gas industry. Protective coatings can be employed to increase the service life of equipment that is exposed to harsh erosive and abrasive environments. Among all the types of protective coatings and liners, polyurethane elastomers have received great atention owing to their excellent wear resistance and comparatively low cost that would allow for large-scale applications. The excellent wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers is a result of their high resilience and propensity to elastic deformation that enables the absorption of impact energy of erodant particles with minimal damage. The relation between the wear resistance of polyurethane and its mechanical properties has been the subject of previous studies. This chapter reviews the research that has been conducted to study the wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers. Testing apparatuses employed, material characterization techniques, evaluations of material removal mechanisms, and parameters with the strongest efect on wear resistance of polyurethane elastomers are herein explored. A review of inite element modelling approaches for in-depth study of the wear phenomenon of polyurethane elastomers is also presented in this chapter.
“…[5][6][7][8] Components for these applications require many high-purity precision parts and instruments, which are commonly manufactured from steel or aluminium alloys. As such, these parts need to be protected by dense and defect-free coatings to prevent corrosion.…”
“…The corrosion process may be monitored by weight loss measurements, or electrochemically such as linear polarisation resistance (LPR) or electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Several previous studies [89][90][91][92][93], have employed an RCE to assess the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors for oil and gas pipelines, and…”
The uniform flow generated at moderate rotation speeds and ability to control mass transport rates to the cylindrical surface together with uniform current-and potential distributions make
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