The idea of the correlation between DNA damage caused by dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and the induction of erythrodifferentiation in murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells needs reevaluation as a result of the hydroxyapatite chromatographic analysis of DNA from shown to alter transport systems in the plasma membrane (4-6) in addition to affecting chromatin (7-9).When studied by alkaline sucrose gradient analysis, induction of MEL cells with Me2SO seems to cause a continuous degradation of cellular DNA (7,8). In previous studies two peaks were observed in the gradients, sedimenting either at 300 S and 120 S (8) or at 140 S and 17 S (7). The minor (slow sedimenting) fraction rose in Me2SO-treated cells relative to untreated control cultures. In one study (8) the cellular DNA was totally converted to the smaller component after 64-hr exposure to Me2SO. In another study (7), the ratio of DNA in the minor peak of Me2SO-treated cells relative to control cells rose to 2.85 by 12 hr and then slowly decreased, approaching 1 after 50 hr. The large increase in low molecular weight DNA was not seen in neutral-pH sucrose gradient sedimentation; therefore, the fragments must be generated by single-strand breaks.If Me2SO causes single-strand breaks in DNA, it is possible that both classes of inducers work by similar mechanisms to activate chromatin by DNA cleavage. On the other hand, if the analytical procedure for determining the presence of single-strand breaks were subject to an unrecognized artifact, DNA cleavage might not be involved in MEL cell differentiation. Because this information is central to further studies of gene activation in this system, we reinvestigated this question.The measurement of DNA nicking by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation can be attended by serious artifacts (10), especially when applied to high molecular weight mammalian DNA, which may not completely separate into single strands. We undertook to examine the accumulation of single-strand breaks by an alternative procedure, alkaline hydroxyapatite column chromatography, which has been successfully used by others (11, 12) An alkaline separation technique combined with hydroxyapatite chromatography (10, 11) has been used to detect DNA breaks induced by Me2SO. Between 1 and 2 X 105 cells were removed, centrifuged, washed, and suspended in 50 A.l of saline/EDTA (150 mM NaCl/1 mM EDTA, pH 7.5) solution. To this, 1 ml of alkali (30 mM NaOH/10 mM Na2HPO4/300 mM NaCl, pH 12.6) was added, and the mixture was kept at 20Ā°C for 25 min in the dark, neutralized with addition of 10 mM NaH2PO4 containing phenol red as pH indicator, transferred into an ice-water bath, and sonicated for 15 sec. After sonication, sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to a final concentration of 0.25%.Hydroxyapatite Column Chromatography. A water-jacketed glass column (1 x 25 cm) was packed with 250 mg of hydroxyapatite (DNA grade Bio-Gel HTP) and maintained at 60Ā°C. Elution buffers used were 0.01 M sodium phosphate (pH 6.8) for washing and 0.13 and 0.25 M potassium phosphate...