American gastroenterological association technical review on the clinical use of esophageal manometry

Assessment of oesophageal motor function in patients with dysphagia or chest pain — the Clinical Outcomes Research Initiative experience

“…In these centres, nutcracker oesophagus was documented in 27-48% and non-specific oesophageal motility disorders in 23-55% of patients with non-cardiac chest pain with oesophageal motility abnormalities. 10 Katz et al reported that nutcracker oesophagus was the most common (48%) oesophageal motility abnormality in patients with non-cardiac chest pain with oesophageal motility abnormalities, followed by non-specific oesophageal motility disorders (36%). 8 No reference was made in this study to the percentage of patients with abnormally low basal lower oesophageal sphincter pressures.…”

“…8,9 In the American Gastroenterology Association technical review on the clinical use of oesophageal manometry, 14 studies evaluating the distribution of motility abnormalities in non-cardiac chest pain were reviewed. 10 The authors concluded that non-specific oesophageal motility disorder was by far the most frequent diagnosis, and, within this group, nutcracker oesophagus was the most commonly observed motility disorder. Most of the reports assessed were the findings of single tertiary referral centres.…”

“…13 Dysphagia is not uncommonly associated with oesophageal manometric findings which may be present with chest pain symptoms as well. 10 Motility abnormalities that have been described in patients with dysphagia include achalasia, diffuse oesophageal spasm, hypertensive lower oesophageal sphincter, nutcracker oesophagus and non-specific oesophageal motility disorder. 8,14 In the largest series of patients with dysphagia, Katz et al reported that 53% had some type of oesophageal dysmotility.…”

Esophageal striated muscle contractions in patients with Chagas' disease and idiopathic achalasia

“…Patients with dysphagia, chest pain, previous surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic cough, globus, esophageal stricture, laryngitis, pulmonary disease, and connective tissue diseases were excluded from the study. No patient had endocrine diseases or abnormalities in the manometric examination of the distal esophagus, with amplitude of contractions ranging from 35 to 180 mmHg, and more than 90% of swallows being followed by peristaltic contractions (9). In this group, which we used as control, we compared patients with esophagitis (N = 44) with patients without esophagitis (N = 37), patients aged 17 to 49 years (median: 37 years, N = 52) with patients aged 50 to 87 years (median: 61 years, N = 29), and men (N = 31) with women (N = 50).…”

Cough {middle dot} 3: Chronic cough and gastro-oesophageal reflux

“…[31][32][33] More recently, impaired motility of the oesophageal body has been shown to be important in the development of GOR associated respiratory symptoms. Transient LOS relaxation is the major event leading to reflux, 34 although an important minority of reflux episodes (about 4%) occur because of defective basal LOS pressure. 35 …”