American Community Survey: Earnings and employment for persons with traumatic brain injury1

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Employment Outcomes for Persons With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Investigation 1‐5 Years After Injury

“…TBI is the leading cause of disability in people younger than 40 years [3], and more than 3 million people in the United States currently live with a long‐term disability caused by TBI [4]. TBI survivors encounter many physical [5], cognitive [6], emotional [7,8], social [9], and economic [10] impediments as they seek to return to a normal lifestyle. Economically, one of the biggest challenges that people with TBI face is regaining and maintaining substantive employment.…”

The Impact of Cognitive, Social and Physical Limitations on Income in Community Dwelling Adults With Chronic Medical and Mental Disorders

“…In this study we proposed that individuals with chronic diseases would experience reduced “human capital” thereby resulting in a reduced capacity for work productivity and subsequently reduced personal income ( Gamboa et al, 2006 ). However, after controlling for relevant confounding factors, depression was the only chronic condition that statistically significantly reduced personal income.…”

“…We tested the hypothesis that health limitations diminish “human capital”, resulting in diminished work capacity, productivity, and income. The concept of human capital emerges from a human capital framework where human capital is defined as physical and intellectual attributes that enable a person to earn income during a work life ( Gamboa et al, 2006 ). The human capital framework recognizes that individuals with limitations may acquire disability capital, which is training that is unique to individuals with specific types of limitations ( Charles, 2003 ), however it is not well known how different types of limitations associated with chronic diseases affect income.…”

Influence of TBI Impairments and Related Caregiver Stress on Family Needs in Guadalajara, Mexico

“…For many individuals with TBI, the combination of physical, cognitive, emotional and psychosocial impairments often leads to increased disability, decreased employment and over-utilisation of informal care and support from family caregivers (Knight, Devereux, & Godfrey, 1998; Kreutzer et al, 2001; Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2008). As a result, post-injury consequences not only affect the lives of individuals with TBI, but also their family members and the family system (Arango-Lasprilla, Quijano et al, 2010; Degeneffe et al, 2008; Dikmen et al, 2001; Draper et al, 2007; Gamboa et al, 2006; McCarthy et al, 2006). Caregivers of individuals with TBI often report financial difficulties, substance abuse, health problems, unemployment, burden, depression, anxiety, distress, decreased social support, decreased personal independence and decreased satisfaction with life (Chronister & Chan, 2006; Chronister, Chan, Sasson-Gelman, & Chiu, 2010; Degeneffe, 2001; Kolakowsky-Hayner, Miner, & Kreutzer, 2001; Marsh, Kersel, Havill, & Sleigh, 2002; Moules & Chandler, 1999; Rivera, Elliott, Berry, Grant, & Oswald, 2007; Verhaeghe, Defloor, & Grypdonck, 2005; Wade, Taylor, Drotar, Stancin, Yeates, & Min, 2002).…”

“…While the immediate causes of TBI vary greatly, international reports demonstrate consistency in the types of post-injury consequences that individuals with TBI experience. Cross-culturally, individuals with TBI often report a myriad of changes in their cognitive, physical, neurological, emotional and social functioning that impair their abilities to function independently or lead to increased use of informal caregiving from family members (Dikmen, Machamer, & Temkin, 2001;Draper, Ponsford, & Schönberger, 2007;Gamboa Jr, Holland, Tierney, & Gibson, 2006;Lezak, 1987;McCarthy, Dikmen, Langlois, Selaisse, Gu, & Horner, 2006). Common post-injury physical impairments include problems with balance, ambulation and motor coordination (Basford et al, 2003), as well as difficulty with hearing (Jury & Flynn, 2001) and vision (Kapoor & Ciuffreda, 2002).…”