Amelioration of the Photo-Induced Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a Commercial Humic Acid

Gensemer, Robert W.; Dixon, D. George; Greenberg, Bruce M.

doi:10.1006/eesa.1997.1606

Cited by 26 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Co.) in deionized water. Final AHA concentrations (in mg liter Ϫ1 as DOC) were confirmed analytically (see Gensemer et al 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…UV-light attenuation coefficients were also highly correlated with diminished toxicity, suggesting that AHA may selectively attenuate UV wavelengths known to induce toxicity. Similarly, AHA has been shown to ameliorate PAH effects on the aquatic duckweed Lemna gibba under both visible and SSR, although the presence of UVR quantitatively changed the protective effects of AHA (Gensemer et al 1998).…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Further complicating this scenario, natural levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in sunlight enhance the toxicity of PAHs to aquatic animals (Bowling et al 1983;Oris and Giesy 1985;Holst and Giesy 1989;Monson et al 1995) and plants Huang et al 1993;Gala and Giesy 1994;Gensemer et al 1996). However, little work specifically has addressed the extent to which DOC controls PAH bioavailability or toxicity in the presence of natural levels of UV radiation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many assays measure photosynthetic performance, of which some of the potentially most sensitive involve chlorophyll a (Chl a) fluores-cence induction kinetics (Hipkins and Baker 1986). For example, room-temperature fluorescence induction is a powerful in vivo indicator of contaminant-related damage to photosystem quantum efficiency in higher plants (Krupa et al 1993;Prevot et al 1993;Streb et al 1993;Sgardelis et al 1994;Gensemer et al 1996;Huang et al 1997a). While Chl a fluorescence induction assays have been used widely in terrestrial plant stress physiology (Hipkins and Baker 1986;Krause and Weis 1991) and in studies examining patterns of marine algal photosynthesis (Falkowski et al 1991;Greene et al 1992;Hofstraat et al 1994;Olson and Zettler 1995;Olaizola et al 1996;Olson et al 1996), its use in freshwater plant contaminant studies is still in its infancy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One major issue to be resolved is the length of time that plants need to be exposed to contaminants before meaningful fluorescence data can be obtained and whether such data are predictive of inhibition of endpoints at higher levels of ecological organization (Gensemer et al 1996). Given the rapid responses of biochemical processes in photosynthesis to environmental contaminants (Oettmeier et al 1987;Huang et al 1997c), Chl a fluorescence parameters potentially could respond within seconds to a chemical insult.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect the onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity in Lemna gibba, and the mitigating effects of a commercial humic acid

Gensemer

Dixon

Greenberg

1999

Limnology & Oceanography

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The influence of a commercial humic acid (Aldrich; AHA) on the development of anthracene photoinduced toxicity to the duckweed Lemna gibba was examined using both room-and low-temperature (77ЊK) chlorophyll fluorescence assays. Plants were exposed to 2 mg liter Ϫ1 anthracene both with and without 6.2 mg liter Ϫ1 of AHA and grown under either visible light or simulated solar radiation that mimics the natural abundance of UV radiation. Exposure periods ranged from 1 to 48 h to examine temporal changes in chlorophyll degradation and chlorophyll a fluorescence induction in response to these light and HA treatments. The onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity followed a definite sequence; chlorophyll a fluorescence induction parameters (F v /F m , and t ½ ) responded earliest to anthracene exposure, with observable chlorophyll degradation requiring up to 24 to 48 h. Of these, t ½ was the most sensitive, with significant inhibition apparent within 1 h of exposure. Throughout the entire 48-h exposure, 6.2 mg liter Ϫ1 AHA ameliorated the photoinduced toxicity of anthracene, in terms of both chlorophyll degradation and F v / F m inhibition. In contrast, AHA delayed the complete inhibition of t ½ by only 1 to 24 h rather than permanently protecting the plants from anthracene damage to PS2. This suggests that AHA may slow, but not prevent, the entrance of either intact anthracene or its photooxidized byproducts under these exposure conditions.

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“…Co.) in deionized water. Final AHA concentrations (in mg liter Ϫ1 as DOC) were confirmed analytically (see Gensemer et al 1998).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 84%

mentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect the onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity in Lemna gibba, and the mitigating effects of a commercial humic acid

Gensemer

Dixon

Greenberg

1999

Limnology & Oceanography

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Neuston Microbiology: Life at the Air–Water Interface

Maki

2003

Encyclopedia of Environmental Microbiology

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Photo‐enhanced toxicity of fluoranthene to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms at different larval ages and ultraviolet light intensities

Finch

Stubblefield

2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Significant increases in toxicity have been observed as a result of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) absorption of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in aquatic organisms. Early life stage aquatic organisms are predicted to be more susceptible to PAH photo-enhanced toxicity as a result of their translucence and tendency to inhabit shallow littoral or surface waters. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the sensitivity of varying ages of larval mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia), inland silverside (Menidia beryllina), sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus), and Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) to photo-enhanced toxicity and to examine the correlation between photo-enhanced toxicity and organism pigmentation. Organisms were exposed to fluoranthene and artificial UV light at different larval ages and results were compared using median lethal concentrations (LC50s) and the lethal time-to-death (LT50s). In addition, a high UV light intensity, short-duration (4-h) experiment was conducted at approximately 24 W/m(2) of ultraviolet radiation A (UV-A) and compared with a low-intensity, long-duration (12-h) experiment at approximately 8 W/m(2) of UV-A. The results indicated decreased toxicity with increasing age for all larval organisms. The amount of organism pigmentation was correlated with observed LC50 and LT50 values. High-intensity short-duration exposure resulted in greater toxicity than low-intensity long-duration UV treatments for mysid shrimp, inland silverside, and sheepshead minnow. Data from these experiments suggest that toxicity is dependent on age, pigmentation, UV light intensity, and fluoranthene concentration.

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Amelioration of the Photo-Induced Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by a Commercial Humic Acid

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

Using chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect the onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity in Lemna gibba, and the mitigating effects of a commercial humic acid

Using chlorophyll a fluorescence to detect the onset of anthracene photoinduced toxicity in Lemna gibba, and the mitigating effects of a commercial humic acid

Neuston Microbiology: Life at the Air–Water Interface

Photo‐enhanced toxicity of fluoranthene to Gulf of Mexico marine organisms at different larval ages and ultraviolet light intensities

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