Ameliorating effects of traditional Chinese medicine preparation, Chinese materia medica and active compounds on ischemia/reperfusion-induced cerebral microcirculatory disturbances and neuron damage

Abstract

Ischemic stroke and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury induced by thrombolytic therapy are conditions with high mortality and serious long-term physical and cognitive disabilities. They have a major impact on global public health. These disorders are associated with multiple insults to the cerebral microcirculation, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, leukocyte adhesion and infiltration, brain blood barrier (BBB) disruption, and capillary hypoperfusion, ultimately resulting in tissue edema, hemorrhage, brain injury and delayed neuron damage. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used in China, Korea, Japan and other Asian countries for treatment of a wide range of diseases. In China, the usage of compound TCM preparation to treat cerebrovascular diseases dates back to the Han Dynasty. Even thousands of years earlier, the medical formulary recorded many classical prescriptions for treating cerebral I/R-related diseases. This review summarizes current information and underlying mechanisms regarding the ameliorating effects of compound TCM preparation, Chinese materia medica, and active components on I/R-induced cerebral microcirculatory disturbances, brain injury and neuron damage.

Neuroprotective effect of apocynin nitrone in oxygen glucose deprivation-treated SH-SY5Y cells and rats with ischemic stroke

“…However, less than 10 % of patients with ischemic stroke may benefit from t-PA treatment because of the strict eligibility criteria for its use, including a relatively short therapeutic time window less than 4.5 h [21]. Follow-up care after blood flow restoration is also of great concern because I/R leads to serious brain injury [22,23]. Neuroprotective agents are thus urgently needed along with thrombolytic treatment to protect neurons from Edaravone is an important agent, which was luached in Japan as a therapeutic for ischemic stroke through neuroprotection by free radical scavenging in 2001.…”

“…Oxidative stress is one of the prevalent factors in the development cascade of I/R injury from stroke [3,4,11,22,23]. As a NOX inhibitor, apocynin is a widely investigated anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory agent [26].…”

SIRT1 exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury via targeting p53/microRNA-22

“…Various measures to relieve the inflammatory response can significantly protect the blood-brain barrier and prevent encephaledema and nerve injury. It has been found that as the dominant ingredient of astragalus, formononetin can markedly reduce the expression of iNOS, IL-1β and TNF-α, and decrease the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the permeability of the bloodbrain barrier, as well as improve nerve function deficit and exert marked neuroprotective effects (36). Our results demonstrated that SIRT1 exerted neuroprotective effect by suppressing the expression of inflammation-related markers in rats with CIRI.…”

Administration of Traditional Chinese Blood Circulation Activating Drugs for Microvascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

“…These herb medicines can also downregulate the expression of ROS by inhibiting the activation of NADH/NADPH pathway, which result in the downregulation of vascular injury proteins and cytokines [102]. According to the abovementioned multitarget mechanisms, the principle of promoting blood circulation by removing blood stasis became an important tool in the treatment of diabetic vascular complications.…”