Amblyopia?factors Influencing Age of Presentation

Shaw, David E.; Minshull, Claire; Fielder, Alistair R.; Rosenthal, A R

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92301-x

Cited by 85 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The prevalences of eye diseases generally seem to be very similar in Saudi Arabia and the Sultanate of Oman. In other ethnic groups, for example Asians, a low prevalence of strabismic amblyopia has been reported, but there has been observed a higher prevalence of anisometropic amblyopia (Shaw et al 1988;Quah et al 1991). From the above findings it can be deduced that in order to plan the demand for eye health care in any specific region worldwide, it is important to investigate the prevalence of eye disorders in that region, as these may vary from one region to another.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Saudi Arabia the overall prevalence of amblyopia in the population is reported to be 0.82% (Tabbara & Ross-Degnan 1986). In Asia there is comparatively less strabismic amblyopia but more anisometropic amblyopia (Shaw et al 1988;Quah et al 1991) than in Europe and North America. In all these reports the definition of amblyopia applied varied from a visual acuity of less than 0.6 to 0.8.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of amblyopia with anisometropia or strabismus among schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman

Lithander

1998

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of common eye disorders in a nationwide school survey conducted in the Sultanate of Oman. The results presented here are those involving amblyopia induced by strabismus or anisometropia. Methods: A random selection of primary schools provided a sample that included 49 schools with 6541 children in Grades 1 and 6. Examinations of the eyes of 96% of these children were conducted doing visual acuity screening to 0.5. All 6292 children had an external eye examination. All children failing the visual acuity test had a complete eye examination. Results: Amblyopia was found in 0.92%, strabismic amblyopia in 0.48%, anisometropic amblyopia in 0.44% and strabismus with or without amblyopia was seen in 0.9%. There was statistically significantly (p∞0.05) more amblyopia in 11-12 year olds (Grade 6) when compared with the 6-7 year olds (Grade 1). This difference was only found among the strabismic children. Conclusion: When compared to Europe or North America the prevalence of strabismic amblyopia is lower, whereas anisometropic amblyopia occurs with approximately the same frequency. The increase of strabismic amblyopia in the older children indicates a development of amblyopia after the age of 6 to 7 years in an untreated population.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of amblyopia with anisometropia or strabismus among schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman

Lithander

1998

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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“…[8][9][10] However, screening for amblyopic children is labour-intensive, costly, and sometimes unreliable. [11][12][13][14] This situation is more evident in eastern Taiwan where a mixed population of mountain aborigines and Han Taiwanese people is scattered from mountains to coasts. The screening of amblyopia in preschool children in this area has not been well reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening amblyopia of preschool children with uncorrected vision and stereopsis tests in Eastern Taiwan

2006

Eye

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Aims or purpose Screening for amblyopia at earliest age is important for early treatment and better prognosis. This study aimed at evaluating the validity of uncorrected distant and near visual acuity and random dot stereopsis for screening amblyopia. Methods In Eastern Taiwan, population-based screen tests were performed for children at age from 3 to 6 years. The tests included uncorrected distant and near visions and random dot stereopsis (300 s) test. The screen performers were registered nurses of local public health service posts. The golden standards of the tests were the results of examination by the ophthalmologists. Results Including Hans and aboriginal Taiwanese, 5232 children were included. Screened by distance visual acuity with different cutoffs and near visual acuity, 10.3, 30.3 and 8.2% children were abnormal. Screened by random dot, only 2% children were abnormal. By a senior ophthalmologist, 115 amblyopic children were diagnosed amblyopic. The sensitivities of distance visual acuity with low/high cutoff and near visual acuity were 74.7/84.8 and 49.4%, whereas that of the NTU random dot stereogram was 20.5%. Simultaneous testing of either two of the three tests improved the sensitivity. Conclusion Screening for amblyopia by the local nurses using the visual acuity tests or random dot stereopsis test alone does not display a high sensitivity. Simultaneous testing of distant visual acuity and stereopsis test elevate the sensitivity and preserve the specificity.

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“…54 Such schemes have also demonstrated that children are referred earlier for treatment (average age decreased from 6.6 years to 5 years) and that the relationship between social deprivation and the age of presentation of asymptomatic amblyopia is abolished. 12 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8][9][10][11] However, while the presence of a cosmetically obvious strabismus generates referral at any age, in amblyopia not associated with an obvious deviation the diagnosis can be delayed. 12,13 UK-wide preschool vision screening was advocated in 1976 14 and national preschool vision screening for amblyopia and strabismus identification was set up for children at around 3.5 years of age in 1978. By 1988, 99% of National Health authorities had a screening programme in place.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment and management of strabismus and amblyopia: a national audit

Wickham

Stewart

Charnock

et al. 2002

Eye

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Aims To determine what systems are in place within ophthalmic services for the assessment and management of children suspected of having amblyopia and strabismus. To find out what methods are used for the assessment of these children. Methods A questionnaire-based study auditing 288 orthoptic departments in the UK. Results Responses were received from 75% orthoptic departments. Most hospitals employ more than one system for the assessment of strabismus and amblyopia, which is generally dependent on route of referral. These include 'orthoptic assessment without refraction' (66%), 'combined orthoptist and ophthalmologist assessment' (66%), while 22% have an entirely orthoptist/optometric system.Ophthalmologists are involved in the initial assessment in 145 units (67%), whereas some units involve an ophthalmologist only if response to treatment is poor (15%), or if surgery is required (6%).Fourteen per cent of units reviewed all children, with discharge criteria being based on normal visual acuity (52%), accurate visual acuity (39%) and a normal orthoptic assessment (42%). Seventy-six per cent of units review some children, commonly as a result of family history (55%), parental concern (43%), poor co-operation (30%) and young age (72%). In the absence of squint or amblyopia children are discharged at the first visit, in only 8% of units.There is considerable variation in the tests used to assess visual acuity. LogMAR-based tests (eg EDTRS) are not routinely used in 75% of units. Conclusion Different systems exist for the assessment and management of squint and amblyopia across the country. While much of this variation is to be expected given their possible aetiologies, some could be reduced to produce a more cohesive service. There is also considerable scope for rationalising the tests used to screen infants and children for amblyopia and strabismus.

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Amblyopia?factors Influencing Age of Presentation

Cited by 85 publications

References 9 publications

Prevalence of amblyopia with anisometropia or strabismus among schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman

Prevalence of amblyopia with anisometropia or strabismus among schoolchildren in the Sultanate of Oman

Screening amblyopia of preschool children with uncorrected vision and stereopsis tests in Eastern Taiwan

The assessment and management of strabismus and amblyopia: a national audit

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