Ambient Air Pollution Exposure Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013

Abstract

Exposure to ambient air pollution is a major risk factor for global disease. Assessment of the impacts of air pollution on population health and evaluation of trends relative to other major risk factors requires regularly updated, accurate, spatially resolved exposure estimates. We combined satellite-based estimates, chemical transport model simulations, and ground measurements from 79 different countries to produce global estimates of annual average fine particle (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations at 0.1° × 0.1° spatial resolution for five-year intervals from 1990 to 2010 and the year 2013. These estimates were applied to assess population-weighted mean concentrations for 1990-2013 for each of 188 countries. In 2013, 87% of the world's population lived in areas exceeding the World Health Organization Air Quality Guideline of 10 μg/m(3) PM2.5 (annual average). Between 1990 and 2013, global population-weighted PM2.5 increased by 20.4% driven by trends in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and China. Decreases in population-weighted mean concentrations of PM2.5 were evident in most high income countries. Population-weighted mean concentrations of ozone increased globally by 8.9% from 1990-2013 with increases in most countries-except for modest decreases in North America, parts of Europe, and several countries in Southeast Asia.

Fungi diversity in PM<sub>2. 5</sub> and PM<sub>1</sub> at the summit of Mt. Tai: abundance, size distribution, and seasonal variation

“…Inhaled particulate matter (PM), categorized as PM 2.5 and PM 1 (aerodynamic equivalent diameters of ≤ 2.5 and ≤ 1 µm, respectively), has proven to be associated with the increasing morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (Brauer et al, 2013;Wang et al, 2014). Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs; about 10 4 -10 8 cells cm −2 ) constitute an important component of PM.…”

Effects of atmospheric transport and trade on air pollution mortality in China

“…Uncertainties in satellite-derived PM 2.5 map is ±5 % on average according to GBD 2013 (Brauer et al, 2016), as it has been calibrated by satellite-based and surface observations. Uncertainties in IER model are relatively high, mainly arising from the model itself, as it is fitted by limited infor- Figure 5.…”

Investigation of Particulate Matter Regional Transport in Beijing Based on Numerical Simulation

“…The mean concentration of PM 2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) in major Chinese cities was 5 times higher than the mean level of the world (Chai et al, 2014), which has an adverse effect on human health (Tie et al, 2009;Tao et al, 2012). Although PM 2.5 concentration decreases about 23% during 2003 to 2010 in China (Zhou et al, 2016), population-weighted mean PM 2.5 concentration in China is the highest value in the world's 10 most populous countries and increases significantly from 1990 to 2010 (Brauer et al, 2016).…”