Ambient Air Concentrations of Fine (PM<sub>25</sub>) Manganese in U.S. National Parks and in California and Canadian Cities: The Possible Impact of Adding MMT to Unleaded Gasoline

Wallace, Lance; Slonecker, Terrence

doi:10.1080/10473289.1997.10463930

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Mn showed higher EFs on stages 2 and 3 for the Atlantic marine air masses, indicating that other sources than mineral dust could contribute to its presence such as from iron and steel industries (Hacisalihoglu et al, 1991). The release of Mn during smelting and use of methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl as an octane enhancer in unleaded car fuels may partially account for enhanced levels of fine-mode aerosol Mn seen in polluted air (Wallace and Slonecker, 1997;Pfeifer et al, 1999). This could be associated to long-range transport from Europe or North America since particles in this size range (140 nm to 1200 nm, stages 2 and 3) can live longer than 8 days in the atmosphere.…”

Section: Enrichment Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

et al. 2013

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Size-resolved trace metal concentrations of 15 elements in aerosol particles at the Cape Verde Atmospheric Observatory (CVAO) under remote background conditions were investigated through analysis of aerosol samples collected during intensive field studies from January 2007 to November 2011 using total reflection x-ray fluorescence (TXRF). The identification of the main air mass origin that influence remote marine aerosol in the northern tropical Atlantic has been investigated. In total, 317 samples were collected. The dataset was analyzed according to the main air mass inflow at the station. We found that remote conditions make up about 45% of the meteorological conditions in a year at CVAO and thus the northern tropical Atlantic. Surprisingly, air masses from North America are often responsible for higher trace metal concentrations in this region.

Elements such as Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, and V were mostly found in the submicron size fractions, while elements with dominant crustal or oceanic origin such as Fe, Ti, Mn, Sr, and Rb were found in the coarse fractions (>1 μm). The highest metal concentrations, especially for Zn (3.23 ng m⁻³), Cu (0.81 ng m⁻³), Sr (2.63 ng m⁻³), and Cr (0.53 ng m⁻³), were observed in air masses originating from North America and the concentrations were within the same concentration range to those reported previously in the literature for remote marine aerosols. Fe (12.26 ng m⁻³), Ti (0.91 ng m⁻³), and Mn (0.35 ng m⁻³) showed higher concentrations when air mass came from Europe and the Canary Islands. Pb concentration was low (<0.20 ng m⁻³) and did not vary significantly with air mass direction. The low Pb concentration is indicative of the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline even in African countries. Crustal enrichment factor values decreased from fine to coarse-mode particles with low values (<4) observed for Fe, Mn, and Rb, and high values (>20) for Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, and Se. The observed enrichment of the elements was attributed to crustal, marine, anthropogenic, and biogenic sources, as well as long-range transport and resuspension. Zn, Cu and Pb were indicators of anthropogenic activities, while Ti and Sr were indicators of crustal and marine origin, respectively. Oceanic and biogenic emissions might have contributed to most of the Se observed. This work provides the first long-term size-resolved trace metals study for remote tropical northern Atlantic marine aerosols and the dataset could serve as good initiation of yearly flux estimates

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Section: Enrichment Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

et al. 2013

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“…331 There is increasing evidence that the same element has very different behavior when inhaled than when ingested. Mn, a necessary trace mineral in the diet and a controversial octane-boosting additive in gasoline, 396 provides an example. Dietary Mn is homeostatically regulated by the liver, and ~3% of ingested Mn is absorbed.…”

Section: Transition Metals and Biochemical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Lighty

Veranth

Sarofim

2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1,007

600

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Particulate matter (PM) emissions from stationary combustion sources burning coal, fuel oil, biomass, and waste, and PM from internal combustion (IC) engines burning gasoline and diesel, are a significant source of primary particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM 2.5 ) in urban areas. Combustion-generated particles are generally smaller than geologically produced dust and have unique chemical composition and morphology. The fundamental processes affecting formation of combustion PM and the emission characteristics of important applications are reviewed. Particles containing transition metals, ultrafine particles, and soot are emphasized because these types of particles have been studied extensively, and their emissions are controlled by the fuel composition and the oxidant-temperature-mixing history from the flame to the stack. There is a need for better integration of the combustion, air pollution control, atmospheric chemistry, and inhalation health research communities. Epidemiology has demonstrated that susceptible individuals are being harmed by ambient PM. Particle surface area, number of ultrafine particles, bioavailable transition metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and other particle-bound organic compounds are suspected to be more important than particle mass in determining the effects of air pollution. Time-and size-resolved PM measurements are needed for testing mechanistic toxicological hypotheses, for characterizing the relationship between combustion operating conditions and transient emissions, and for source apportionment studies to develop air quality plans. Citations are provided to more specialized reviews, and the concluding comments make suggestions for further research.

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“…[ Leaded gasoline contained an average of 12.7 mg / l Mn and constituted 13.6% of gasoline sold in the Riverside area ( EPA, 1994 ) , whereas Toronto gasoline contained an average of 11.9 mg /l Mn. ] Wallace and Slonecker ( 1997 ) noted that between 1986 and 1993, concentrations of PM 2.5 Mn at fixed monitoring sites in Canadian cities ranged from 7 to 20 ng /m 3 . Ambient concentrations in the present study were consistent with this range, as they averaged 17.1 ng/m 3 at fixed site #2, 11.4 ng/ m 3 at the roof site, and 9.7 ng/m 3 at outdoor residential sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl

Crump

2000

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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A year -long population -weighted study of personal exposures to particulate matter ( PM 2.5 ) was conducted in Toronto while the manganese -containing additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl ( MMT ) , was present in gasoline at an average level of 11.9 mg Mn / l, which was higher than the maximum of 8.3 mg Mn / l allowed in the U.S. In this study, 925 three -day personal samples of PM 2.5 ( air concentration of aerosol with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 m ) were collected, along with a record of participants' occupations, personal habits, surroundings, and activities during sampling. Stationary samples of PM 2.5 were collected indoors and outdoors at a subset of participants' homes over the same 3 -day periods. Three -day samples of PM 2.5 were also collected at fixed locations. Personal exposures to PM 2.5 were highly influenced by exposure to tobacco smoke, and were poorly correlated with outdoor levels ( Kendall's tau = 0.13 ) . The mean concentration of PM 2.5 in homes ( 21 g / m 3 ) was significantly higher than the mean outdoor level ( 15 g / m 3 ) . By contrast, the mean PM 2.5 Mn concentration ( air concentration of Mn in PM 2.5 ) was higher outdoors ( 9.7 ng / m 3 ) than indoors ( 5.5 ng / m 3 ) . Other than from tobacco smoke, there were no indications of significant indoor sources of PM 2.5 Mn in homes. The most important predictor of exposure to PM 2.5 was time spent in the subway, and a high level ( 428 ng / m 3 ) of PM 2.5 Mn was measured in the subway. The source of this Mn was hypothesized to be friction erosion of subway rails. Small, but statistically significant correlations were present between personal exposures to PM 2.5 Mn and several traffic -related variables ( time spent in transit, in a motor vehicle, near a roadway with traffic, and in a parking garage ) . However, in a stepwise regression that adjusted for weather and personal activities, time in a motor vehicle was the only traffic -related variable significantly associated with PM 2.5 Mn, and it was only the 10th most important personal activity variable in the final model. Concentrations of PM 2.5 Mn were higher at two fixed locations than outside of participants' homes, which were likely further from high traffic areas than the fixed sites. Likewise, outdoor and fixed site samples collected during periods that included weekend days contained lower air concentrations of Mn than samples collected during weekdays when traffic was heavier. On the other hand, the monthly average concentration of Mn in gasoline was negatively correlated with both outdoor and personal PM 2.5 Mn, which suggests that traffic -related sources of Mn other than MMT may be present. After omitting participants with exposure to Mn from certain identifiable non -MMT sources ( subway riders, metal workers and persons exposed to tobacco smoke ) , the average ( median ) personal exposure of the remaining 325 participants to PM 2.5 Mn was reduced from 14 ng / m 3 ( 8.5 ng / m 3 ) to 8.3 ng/m 3 ( 7.0 ng / m 3 ) . Potential sources of this r...

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Ambient Air Concentrations of Fine (PM₂₅) Manganese in U.S. National Parks and in California and Canadian Cities: The Possible Impact of Adding MMT to Unleaded Gasoline

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl

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Ambient Air Concentrations of Fine (PM25) Manganese in U.S. National Parks and in California and Canadian Cities: The Possible Impact of Adding MMT to Unleaded Gasoline

Cited by 27 publications

References 14 publications

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Aerosol size-resolved trace metal composition in remote northern tropical Atlantic marine environment: case study Cape Verde islands

Combustion Aerosols: Factors Governing Their Size and Composition and Implications to Human Health

Manganese exposures in Toronto during use of the gasoline additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl

Contact Info

Product

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Ambient Air Concentrations of Fine (PM₂₅) Manganese in U.S. National Parks and in California and Canadian Cities: The Possible Impact of Adding MMT to Unleaded Gasoline