Alzheimer’s disease therapies: Selected advances and future perspectives

Ghanemi, Abdelaziz

doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2014.09.006

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…β-AR expression in the hippocampus is well documented (Hillman et al, 2005). Furthermore, noradrenergic signaling through a1-AR has also been linked to behavioral effects (Smiałowska et al, 1994) and also prefrontal cortical function regulation (Ramos and Arnsten, 2007) which further illustrates a1-AR's implication in cognition and the possibility of its targeting in disease in which loss of cognitive functions is observed such as AD (Ghanemi, 2014a;Mufson et al, 2005).…”

Section: Overview Of the Central Adrenergic Systemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system

Ghanemi

2015

Neuropeptides

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Section: Overview Of the Central Adrenergic Systemmentioning

confidence: 95%

Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system

Ghanemi

2015

Neuropeptides

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“…AD remains a big problem with a significant social, health, and financial burden on society [2]. The latest report infer that AD affects approximately 5 million Americans and 48 million people worldwide (World Health Organization, 2015) and the incidence of AD continuously and rapidly increase with a new diagnosis being made every 68 s [2,[6][7][8]. The population of the world is rapidly aging, so the number of people with dementia is supposed to increase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solanum Betaceum Improves Cognitive Function by Decreasing N-Methyl-D-Aspartate on Alzheimer Rats Model

et al. 2019

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Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Solanum betaceum towards cognitive function, i.e. memory, and the level of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and brain derived neurothropic factor (BDNF) as a drug candidate therapy for Alzheimer rats model.Methods: Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups (K0, K1, P1, P2 and P3). Four groups (K1, P1, P2 and P3) of Alzheimer’s disease(AD) rats were induced by aluminum chloride with dose 2 g/L for 21 days period and three groups (P1, P2 and P3) in 22th day administered parallellywith 100 mg/kg b.w/day; 200 mg/kg b.w/day; and 400 mg/kg b.w/day of S. betaceum respectively for14 days. The level of NMDAR and BDNF wasmeasured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods, whereas memory was measured by the Morris water maze test.Results: S. betaceum administration increased cognitive function significantly (p=0.037) of AD induced-rats by decreasing the time to reach the targetof Morris water maze and maintaining the low levels of NMDAR significantly (p=0.006), but the level of BDNF did not increase significantly (p=0.346).These results indicated that ethanol extracts of S. betaceum could decrease brain NMDAR and increase cognitive function by promote better memoryfunction but did not significant increased the level of BDNF in AD-induced rats.Conclusion: This study revealed that the treatment of AD-induced rats with S. betaceum extracts significantly improve memory function and decreasethe level of NMDAR.

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“…Indeed, some species are suitable for certain types or experiments [5] whereas others are not. Here in some illustrative examples are given.…”

Section: Letter To Editormentioning

confidence: 99%

Selecting Species for Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

Ghanemi¹

2014

MOJCSR

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Obtaining an approval either for a drug for a therapeutic use [1][2][3][4] or for biomedical equipment requires in the majority of cases laboratory experiments on cells and animals to describe the divers related details including the potential toxic effects, the side effects and the optimized conditions of use or administrations. Within this letter we aim to further illustrate how to select the species of animal to conduct the required tests on or to extract the cells, organs or molecules from those species that we need for in vitro tests and based on what a species is either included or excluded. Indeed, in some case such choice can be a struggle facing the development of the files since it depends on divers factors including the type of the conducted research, the investigated organ or system and the duration of the experiment. Therefore, clarifying the related concepts remains a priority for pharmaceutical and medical research.The choice of animal species is also conditioned by the type of researches and on the organs we are willing to investigate. Indeed, some species are suitable for certain types or experiments [5] whereas others are not. Here in some illustrative examples are given. In neuroscience using monkeys, and due to the great similarity between them and humans, has allowed us to better understand the brain properties and the cognitive functions based on observations done on monkey's brains [6,7]. For the neural properties of the visual functions, cats represent a good choice since they have specific vision characteristics [8][9][10][11]. Furthermore, cats are also suitable for electrophysiological studies. Tree shrew, a species believed to be biologically between insectivore and primates with specific evolutionary properties [12], is also used in neurobiological researches [13][14][15]. In addition to its low cost, its brain has a similar structure to the human brain. Mice [16,17] are commonly used due to their brains properties in term of neurobiological functions and the well tolerance they have towards the equipments used in recording. In genetics, due to their relatively simple genome and the short duration of life cycle, bacteria are used [18,19] to study the mutations and the gene interactions but the bacterial usage in genetics is limited. For instance, mammalians provide a better multi-cellular and multi-organs environment to study interactions between genes and cell signals. Moreover, results obtained with mammalians would be closer to the human profile than those obtained with bacterial studies. In pharmacology, for example when evaluating steroids, and since the steroids have specific blood transporters that transport also the endogenous steroid hormones, the animal selected for such study should have similar hormones to mimic the pharmacokinetic conditions. For more precise or local studies we may use isolated parts of organs or even insects. Drosophila is an insect with a nervous system that include many of the human neurotransmitters which made this fly a suitable insect for neurob...

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Alzheimer’s disease therapies: Selected advances and future perspectives

Cited by 23 publications

References 26 publications

Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system

Elements toward novel therapeutic targeting of the adrenergic system

Solanum Betaceum Improves Cognitive Function by Decreasing N-Methyl-D-Aspartate on Alzheimer Rats Model

Selecting Species for Pharmaceutical and Medical Research

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