Aluminum–Iodoform Composite Reactive Material

Abstract

Mechanically alloyed aluminum–iodoform composites were prepared with iodine concentration of 20 wt%. Ball milling at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature was explored. Material characterization by electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed no difference between samples milled at different temperatures. However, samples prepared at room temperature aged rapidly. Thermo‐gravimetric measurements quantifying release of iodine upon heating confirmed that cryogenic milling was necessary to stabilize iodoform in the Al‐matrix. Iodine was released upon heating in four distinct stages. The oxidation of the prepared materials was also studied using thermo‐gravimetric analysis and two main oxidation steps were detected. The ignition temperatures were determined for powders coated onto a metal filament heated electrically at 103–104 K min−1. The ignition temperatures of the prepared materials were noticeably lower compared to the Al · I2 composite prepared using a similar cryo‐milling approach. The combustion characteristics determined using constant volume explosions of aerosolized powders were found to be similar to those of Al · I2 composite. The maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise observed in the latter experiments were greater than for pure aluminum powders with comparable particle sizes.

Nanocomposite Thermites with Calcium Iodate Oxidizer

“…Elemental iodine has been incorporated into various metal-based fuel systems [10][11][12][13][14][15]. However, the prepared composites could contain only up to 20 wt % of iodine to remain sufficiently stable to be handled.…”

Direct Deposit of Highly Reactive Bi(IO3)3‐ Polyvinylidene Fluoride Biocidal Energetic Composite and its Reactive Properties

“…[1][2][3] Conventional neutralization nominally involves rapid delivery of thermal energy and high pressures, but the transient nature of the event may still result in insufficient neutralization efficiency. [9][10][11][12] Pantoya and co-workers [2,13] has considered Al combined with both I 2 O 5 and silver oxide. Because of the desire to minimize over-pressures that can serve to disperse biological agents, consideration has been given to metalized systems that have high energy density with a lowergas release.…”

“…These nominally can be classified as thermites systems. [10,12,13,15,17] Probably the most biocidally active energetic material for the forcible future will be based on iodine systems. The groups of Dreizin et al and Grinshpun et al have collaboratively prepared composites of Al-I 2 using mechanical milling, and have explored both the combustion and biocidal effectiveness resulting from both the thermal event and iodine release (the biocide).…”

“…The groups of Dreizin et al and Grinshpun et al have collaboratively prepared composites of Al-I 2 using mechanical milling, and have explored both the combustion and biocidal effectiveness resulting from both the thermal event and iodine release (the biocide). [9][10][11][12] Pantoya and co-workers [2,13] has considered Al combined with both I 2 O 5 and silver oxide. Our group investigated a thermite consisting of Al and AgIO 3 , which was shown to outperform CuO and Fe 2 O 3 -based thermites in pressure cell tests.…”

“…For example, Al-I 2 is unstable over long periods, I 2 O 5 is moisture sensitive, Al and Ag 2 O does not vaporize silver, and iodine was not released during the reaction between Al and AgIO 3 . [10,12,13,15,17] Probably the most biocidally active energetic material for the forcible future will be based on iodine systems. Iodine effectiveness comes from interactions with the thiol groups in enzymes and proteins, iodination of phenolic and imidazole groups of tyrosine and histidine, and lipid interactions in lipid-enveloped viruses and phospholipids in bacteria.…”