Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity

Shaw, Christopher A.; Tomljenovic, Lucija

doi:10.1007/s12026-013-8403-1

Cited by 233 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Zeolites can promote the adsorption of gas and excess water from the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore applied by the pet food industry for reducing odor and humidity of feces (Lowndes 2014). Aluminum is extremely reactive with carbon and oxygen, having immense implications for the health of humans and animals (Shaw and Tomljenovic 2013). Despite of its low bioavailability in the body, it is not yet fully understood how aluminum and its compounds interact in the absorption mechanism of the gastrointestinal tract (Berthon, 2002;Codex 2011).…”

Section: Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element measurement for assessment of dog food safety

Fernandes

Elias

Bacchi

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Section: Aluminummentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace element measurement for assessment of dog food safety

Fernandes

Elias

Bacchi

et al. 2017

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…) and/or cationic (Al +3 ) forms (HOEKENGA, et al, 2003), which can be toxic to many plants, animals and microorganisms (DOREA;CLARKE, 2008;KIMOTO et al, 2010;SHAW;TOMLJENOVIC, 2013). Aluminum toxicity is especially raised when soil acidity is intensified by land-use intensification, i.e., industrial activities, and fertilization with acid action fertilizers (DIDHAM et al, 2015;FAGERIA;NASCENTE, 2014).…”

Section: +3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnesium capability to attenuate the toxicity of aluminum on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2

Mariano-da-Silva

Ducatti

Murari

et al. 2016

Braz. J. Food Technol.

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SummaryThe magnesium (Mg) capability to attenuate the toxicity of aluminum (Al) for the trehalose content, anaerobic growth, viability and budding rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was studied in this work. Fermentations were carried out in triplicate with sterilized and diluted sugar cane media (4% total reducing sugars/pH 4.0) containing different Al (0.0, 50, 100 and 150 mg L -1 ) and Mg (0.0, 50 and 100 mg L -1 ) concentrations. The media were inoculated with 1 mL of 1% (wet basis) yeast suspension and incubated at 30ºC, 70 rpm for 20 hours in orbital shaker. At specific times during fermentation portions of cell suspension were taken out and the biomass concentration, yeast viability, budding rate and trehalose content on cells determined. The increase of Al levels, from 0.0 up to 150 mg L -1 , showed a reduction on the yeast growth of approximately 95%, 55% and 18% as Mg increased from 0.0 to 50 and 100 mg L -1 , respectively. The trehalose content experienced its lowest reduction when greater amounts of Mg were added to the fermentation process. Cell viability showed greater reductions as the content of Al in the media increased. Magnesium effectively protected yeast cells against the deleterious effects of Al on cell growth, viability, budding and trehalose content. Keywords: Yeast viability; Fermentation; Trehalose content. ResumoA capacidade do magnésio (Mg) em atenuar os efeitos tóxicos do alumínio (Al) para o conteúdo de trealose, o crescimento anaeróbio, a viabilidade e a taxa de brotamento em Saccharomyces cerevisiae foi estudada no presente trabalho. As fermentações foram realizadas em triplicatas, com suco de cana-de-açúcar esterilizado e diluído (4% de açúcares redutores totais/pH 4,0) contendo diferentes concentrações de Al (0,0, 50, 100 e 150 mg L -1 ) e de Mg (0,0, 50 e 100 mg L -1 ). Os meios foram inoculados com 1 mL de 1% (base úmida) de suspensão de levedura e incubados a 30°C, 70 rpm durante 20 horas, em agitador orbital. Em tempos específicos, durante a fermentação, porções da suspensão de células foram retiradas e a concentração de biomassa, a viabilidade das leveduras, a taxa de brotamento e o conteúdo de trealose foram determinados. O aumento dos teores de Al, de 0,0 a 150 mg L -1 , mostrou uma redução no crescimento da levedura de aproximadamente 95%, 55% e 18%, na presença de 0,0, 50 e 100 mg L -1 de Mg, respectivamente. O conteúdo de trealose sofreu a menor redução quando maiores teores de Mg foram adicionados ao meio de fermentação. A viabilidade celular apresentou maiores quedas à medida que se aumentou o conteúdo de Al no processo fermentativo. O magnésio protegeu eficazmente as células da levedura contra os efeitos deletérios do Al sobre o crescimento celular, a viabilidade, o brotamento e o teor de trealose. Palavras

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“…In this process, small amounts of aluminum ingested over the years accumulate in the brain tissue and form deposits that activate apoptosis and promote degeneration that leads to neuron loss. This toxic effect has been described with injected and ingested aluminum in animal models by different authors [14,[28][29][30][31][32] and some factors have being described to determine the grade of neurotoxicity, such as age and renal function [33]. Furthermore, there are groups already testing ways to protect neuronal tissue from the effects of aluminum [34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Aluminum Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases

Ruiz-Navarro¹

2017

MOJT

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Aluminum is the most abundant metal on earth. It is not known to have any biological metabolism; conversely it has a toxic effect that has been related to several damages including some neurodegenerative diseases. We sampledcerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 141 patients with different chronic diseases, assessing the levels of aluminum contained. Our aim was to assess differences in aluminum levels between neuro-degenerative and non-neurodegenerative diseases. We found that patients with neurodegenerative diseases have higher levels of aluminum in cerebrospinal fluid than other non-degenerative diseases. These findings support previous descriptions of a chronic life-time aluminum accumulation in CSF as an environmental contributor to the Patophysiology of neurodegeneration. While aluminum and neurodegenerative diseases have already been correlated in previous studies, this report is, to the best of our knowledge, the first that directly correlates levels of aluminum in CSF with clinical status. Further investigation based on these findings has to be done in order to determine if this correlation is causality of specific diseases. In the meantime we encourage a wider sampling of aluminum (and other metals) in CSF in both patients with a neurodegenerative disease and healthy population as well as the analysis of aluminum-containing products.

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Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity

Cited by 233 publications

References 87 publications

Trace element measurement for assessment of dog food safety

Trace element measurement for assessment of dog food safety

Magnesium capability to attenuate the toxicity of aluminum on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae PE-2

High Aluminum Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases

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