Aluminium adjuvants—in retrospect and prospect

Transcutaneous Immunization with Cross-Reacting Material CRM 197 of Diphtheria Toxin Boosts Functional Antibody Levels in Mice Primed Parenterally with Adsorbed Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine

“…This is complicated by the fact that diphtheria booster immunizations are often administered in the form of divalent diphtheriatetanus vaccines, and the presence of high levels of circulating tetanus antitoxin may also contribute to adverse reactions to the booster dose (5). Toxoid vaccines are also commonly adsorbed onto aluminum salts which act as an adjuvant, and the presence of these salts may contribute to some of the side effects observed (17). For specifically boosting immunity to diphtheria in susceptible populations, the availability of an antigen preparation with less adverse effects than those associated with conventional vaccines, combined with simple, practical, and noninvasive delivery, may lead to better disease control by increasing compliance and convenience of booster immunizations.…”

Development of Vaccine Adjuvants: A Historical Perspective

“…The aluminum salt adjuvants, until recently the only licensed adjuvants for human use [191], continue to be regarded as safe [192] and are in common use with tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, and poliomyelitis vaccines as well as more recent use with hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis A (HAV), and anthrax vaccines [193]. Although these systems are not workable for a number of proteins and peptides [37,194], considerable progress has been made in understanding binding parameters [195].…”

Simultaneous determination of thimerosal and aluminum in vaccines and pharmaceuticals with the use of HPLC method

“…Usually, less than 1 mg Al is applied per one vaccine dose. Aluminum phosphate or aluminum hydroxide is, in most cases, used [22][23][24][25].…”