Alternatives of resorcinol in carbon black filled belt skim compound: A sustainable approach to make tire

Abstract

As per global trends, new legislation, regulations, and restrictions on the use of hazardous materials with respect to environmental concerns, it has become necessary to eliminate resorcinol from the rubber compound as it was generating carcinogenic fumes during processing at high temperature. In this research, two non‐hazardous phenolic resins [A] and [B] were explored, in place of resorcinol, in a typical PCR tire belt skim compound. The entire study includes three phases. In Phase I, resorcinol was substituted with both the resins and it was revealed that they have potential to function as resorcinol in rubber‐brass bonding mechanism with few limitations, primarily as low cure rate. In Phase II, it was adjusted by incorporating TBBS as an additional accelerator but an abrupt loss in extent of adhesion retention was noticed for aged samples. It leads to further investigation in Phase II compositions. In Phase III, a little amount of precipitated silica was formulated, which results into a significant revival of adhesion retention. Eventually, both the compounds were showing faster vulcanizing characteristics, improved aged and un‐aged properties, higher dynamic stiffness, and lower hysteresis. Compound [B] showed best performance in all the properties except fatigue crack growth rate in low strain percentage.

A study on hydrocarbon resins as an advanced material for performance enhancement of radial passenger tyre tread compound

“…Compound E2A showed highest TE compared to control and E2, throughout all strain percentages (except at 10% strain, which is equal to control) and this is probably due to the higher modulus for E2A. 34…”

The use of recycled elastomeric materials for sustainability in circular economy

“…Sh A (Table 8), modulus at 100 (M100), and 300% (M300) elongation increased for experimental batches of both compounds which is possibly due to increased CLD. [ 19 ] Compound A showed lower TS and modulus as compared to Compound B. This is probably because of lower surface area of N134 black.…”

“…During heat aging, compound modulus tends to rise to undergo CLD enhancement while TS and EB deteriorated via thermal degradation process. [ 19 ] The extent of retention after aging is almost same, indicating that the particle size of crumb has no influence on aging properties. A marginal lower retention has been observed for crumb‐containing batches over control for both Compounds A and B.…”

“…Greater E′ values are probably caused by the higher extent of CLD. [ 19 ] The higher tan δ values are desirable for tread compound with respect to traction properties but also responsible for high heat generation (hysteresis) under dynamic condition. [ 25 ] A marginal difference between tan δ values of 270‐mesh crumb mixed compounds and respective control compound was observed.…”

Simplified mathematical modeling and parametric study on friction coefficient of rubber materials for vehicle's tire application

“…For example, reduced rolling resistance and improved fuel economy will be prioritized for a passenger car tire, while traction will be prioritized for highperformance tires. Although the tire industry is matured, tire-related research is still continued from different aspects, such as energy consumption, [1] wear behavior, [2] tire compounds and adhesive ingredients, [3,4] green processes and manufacturing, [5,6] materials and tire properties, [7,8] machine learning, [9] and tire friction. [10][11][12] The researchers have also developed a variety of different tire and vehicle mathematical models over the years to better understand and predict tire performance, especially the works performed by the Persson group that shed light on tire friction.…”