In this study an attempt has been made to utilise marble powder derived from the marble slurry produced by gangsaw machines while cutting marble blocks in the northwest of India. The marble powder has been used; 1) as a cheap filler, 2) as a semi reinforcing filler, by doing chemical treatment of the slurry and 3) as partial replacement of carbon black filler to reduce the cost of the compounds, subsequently for products and also to find suitable disposal of the powder, which is creating a serious threat to the local environment. The methodology in this study is as follows: collection of marble powder and characterisation, evaluation of rubber compound including partial replacement of carbon black filler, treatment of the marble powder to enhance the reinforcing characteristics and evaluation of the product. It was found in this study that the marble powder can be used as a cheap filler, in place of other commercial fillers like whiting. However, no significant improvement was obtained by chemical treatment of the marble powder. Marble powder can also be used as a partial replacement of carbon black (up to 10 phr) in various rubber products, which operate under static conditions.
The effect of fly ash as a filler for an ESBR-based compound was studied in the range 0-80 phr. Characterization of fly ash, as received, revealed the abundance of 200 mesh size particles with an average diameter of 10 μm; composition analysis showed the predominance of silica and alumina. The properties of ESBR compounds filled with fly ash particles of ≤200 mesh were compared with those of clay- and whiting-filled compounds. The cure rate index remained unchanged for fly ash throughout the range of loading studied here; clay showed a lower cure rate, and whiting showed a higher value than fly ash. The 300% modulus values did not show any improvement with increase in fly ash loading, the values being comparable with those for whiting and inferior to those for clay. Fly ash gives the lowest heat build-up and tan delta (at 70°C) values among the three fillers under discussion.
Advancement in radial passenger car tyre tread compound introduces performance resin as a potential ingredient to improve wet grip (WG) and rolling resistance (RR). In this direction, our approach is to investigate the effect of two types of performance resins as Resin‐1 (mixture of aliphatic and aromatic) and Resin‐2 (aliphatic hydrocarbon) in silica filled solution polymerized styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR)/butadiene rubber (BR) based tread cap compound. Resin‐1 and Resin‐2 replaced low poly cyclic aromatic (PCA) oil by 10 phr (partially) and 20 phr (completely) with respect to the reference compound. It was observed that Resin‐1 has improved WG by 18% and 52%, whereas Resin‐2 showed 33% and 54% improvement at 10 phr and 20 phr replacement, respectively. Microscopic analysis was carried out to identify the dispersion of silica after replacement of oil by resins. Abrasion and fatigue resistance were studied by Laboratory Abrasion Tester (LAT‐100) and Tear Fatigue Analyzer (TFA) to understand the wear and fracture behavior of the modified compounds. Resin‐2 displayed 54% improvements in WG keeping similar RR and fatigue resistance by complete replacement of oil, whereas partial replacement was not appreciated due to less impact in dynamic mechanical properties.
An attempt has been made to utilise marble powder as a Þ ller for rubber. The marble was derived from the slurry produced by a Gangsaw machine while cutting the big marble blocks in northwestern India. The marble powder has been used in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR): (1) as a cheapening Þ ller, (2) as a semi-reinforcing Þ ller; this involved chemical treatment of the slurry; and (3) as a partial replacement for carbon black Þ ller, to reduce the cost of the compounds. One other motivation was the need to Þ nd a way of disposing of the powder, which is creating a serious threat to the local environment. The methodology consisted of: (i) collection of the marble powder (ii) its characterisation (iii) its evaluation in rubber compounds (iv) treatment of the marble powder to enhance its reinforcing characteristics both by chemicals and by electron beam (EB) radiation and (v) evaluation of the Þ lled material in end-products. It was found that the marble powder could be used as a cheapening Þ ller in styrene butadiene rubber, in place of other commercial Þ llers like whiting. However, no signiÞ cant improvement was obtained by chemical treatment or by electron beam (EB) radiation of the marble powder. It could be used as a partial replacement for carbon black (up to 10 phr) in various rubber products, which are used under static conditions (not under dynamic situations). These Þ ndings were consistent with those previously observed for natural rubber compounds.
A silica-rich material was generated from waste fly ash and it was subsequently characterized and experimented in ESBR compounds to find its suitability to be used as a filler for rubber compounds. This material contained 97.5% silica and 2.5% alumina. Characterisation of this material, designated as Modified Fly Ash (MFA), revealed the presence of characteristic peaks of silica in an FTIR study, and the surface area was found to be 110–115 m2/g. The effect of this material as a filler for rubber compound has been studied in ESBR compounds at low, medium and high filler loadings, and the compound properties were compared with those of compounds filled with two commercially available grades of silica, namely VN2-Silica (surface area 120–125 m2/g) and VN3-Silica (165–170 m2/g), at similar loadings. MFA showed the highest cure rate index, elongation at break and lowest heat generation among the three fillers at all the levels of filler loading. The tensile strength and 300% modulus of MFA filled compounds were inferior to those of VN3-silica, but they were closer to the values obtained for VN2-silica filled compounds. These two properties of MFA and VN2-Silica were comparable at low filler loading and at medium to high loading, the properties exhibited by VN2-Silica could be matched by using higher dosage of MFA.
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